diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 2c96eb1..6e61639 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 target/
 Cargo.lock
+rtr-db/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fa7ca1c..16e3f63 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,15 @@ chrono = "0.4.44"
 bytes = "1.11.1"
 tokio = { version = "1.49.0", features = ["full"] }
 rand = "0.10.0"
-rocksdb = "0.21"
-serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+rocksdb = { version = "0.21.0", default-features = false }
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
 serde_json = "1"
 anyhow = "1"
-bincode = "3.0.0"
-tracing = "0.1.44"
\ No newline at end of file
+tracing = "0.1.44"
+sha2 = "0.10"
+tempfile = "3"
+tokio-rustls = "0.26"
+rustls = "0.23"
+rustls-pemfile = "2"
+rustls-pki-types = "1.14.0"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "fmt"] }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/README.md b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d95b97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# rtr_debug_client
+
+`rtr_debug_client` 是一个用于调试和联调 RTR（RPKI-to-Router）服务端的小型客户端工具。
+
+它的目标不是做一个完整的生产级 router client，而是提供一个简单、直接、可观察的调试入口，用于：
+
+- 连接 RTR server
+- 发送 `Reset Query` 或 `Serial Query`
+- 接收并打印服务端返回的 PDU
+- 辅助排查协议实现、会话状态、序列号增量、PDU 编码等问题
+
+---
+
+## 适用场景
+
+这个工具适合以下场景：
+
+- 开发 RTR server 时做本地联调
+- 验证服务端是否正确返回 `Cache Response`
+- 检查 `IPv4 Prefix` / `IPv6 Prefix` / `ASPA` / `End of Data` 等 PDU
+- 验证 `Serial Query` 路径是否正确
+- 观察异常响应，例如 `Cache Reset` 或 `Error Report`
+- 后续扩展为支持 TLS、自动断言、会话统计等调试能力
+
+---
+
+## 当前能力
+
+当前版本支持：
+
+- TCP 连接 RTR server
+- 发送 `Reset Query`
+- 发送 `Serial Query`
+- 持续读取服务端返回的 PDU
+- 解析并打印以下常见 PDU：
+    - `Serial Notify`
+    - `Serial Query`
+    - `Reset Query`
+    - `Cache Response`
+    - `IPv4 Prefix`
+    - `IPv6 Prefix`
+    - `End of Data`
+    - `Cache Reset`
+    - `Error Report`
+    - `ASPA`
+- 基础长度校验
+- 最大 PDU 长度限制，防止异常数据导致过大内存分配
+
+---
+
+## 目录结构
+
+建议目录如下：
+
+```text
+src/
+└── bin/
+    └── rtr_debug_client/
+        ├── main.rs
+        ├── protocol.rs
+        ├── io.rs
+        ├── pretty.rs
+        └── README.md
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/main.rs b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f2cee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+use std::env;
+use std::io;
+
+use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};
+use tokio::net::tcp::{OwnedReadHalf, OwnedWriteHalf};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::time::{timeout, Duration, Instant};
+
+mod wire;
+mod pretty;
+mod protocol;
+
+use crate::wire::{read_pdu, send_reset_query, send_serial_query};
+use crate::pretty::{
+    parse_end_of_data_info, parse_serial_notify_serial, print_pdu,
+};
+use crate::protocol::{PduHeader, PduType, QueryMode};
+
+const DEFAULT_READ_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 30;
+const DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_SECS: u64 = 60;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+    let config = Config::from_args()?;
+
+    println!("== RTR debug client ==");
+    println!("target  : {}", config.addr);
+    println!("version : {}", config.version);
+    println!("timeout : {}s", config.read_timeout_secs);
+    println!("poll    : {}s (default before EndOfData refresh is known)", config.default_poll_secs);
+    match &config.mode {
+        QueryMode::Reset => {
+            println!("mode    : reset");
+        }
+        QueryMode::Serial { session_id, serial } => {
+            println!("mode    : serial");
+            println!("session : {}", session_id);
+            println!("serial  : {}", serial);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+    print_help();
+
+    let stream = TcpStream::connect(&config.addr).await?;
+    println!("connected to {}", config.addr);
+
+    let (mut reader, mut writer) = stream.into_split();
+    let mut state = ClientState::new(
+        config.version,
+        config.read_timeout_secs,
+        config.default_poll_secs,
+    );
+
+    match config.mode {
+        QueryMode::Reset => {
+            send_reset_query(&mut writer, config.version).await?;
+            println!("sent Reset Query");
+        }
+        QueryMode::Serial { session_id, serial } => {
+            state.session_id = Some(session_id);
+            state.serial = Some(serial);
+            send_serial_query(&mut writer, config.version, session_id, serial).await?;
+            println!("sent Serial Query");
+        }
+    }
+
+    state.schedule_next_poll();
+    println!();
+
+    let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();
+    let mut stdin_lines = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();
+
+    loop {
+        let poll_sleep = tokio::time::sleep_until(state.next_poll_deadline);
+        tokio::pin!(poll_sleep);
+
+        tokio::select! {
+            line = stdin_lines.next_line() => {
+                match line {
+                    Ok(Some(line)) => {
+                        let should_quit = handle_console_command(
+                            &line,
+                            &mut writer,
+                            &mut state,
+                        ).await?;
+
+                        if should_quit {
+                            println!("quit requested, closing client.");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Ok(None) => {
+                        println!("stdin closed, continue network loop.");
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        eprintln!("read stdin failed: {}", err);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ = &mut poll_sleep => {
+                handle_poll_tick(&mut writer, &mut state).await?;
+                state.schedule_next_poll();
+            }
+
+            read_result = timeout(
+                Duration::from_secs(state.read_timeout_secs),
+                read_pdu(&mut reader)
+            ) => {
+                match read_result {
+                    Ok(Ok(pdu)) => {
+                        print_pdu(&pdu.header, &pdu.body);
+                        handle_incoming_pdu(&mut writer, &mut state, &pdu.header, &pdu.body).await?;
+                    }
+                    Ok(Err(err)) => {
+                        eprintln!("read PDU failed: {}", err);
+                        return Err(err);
+                    }
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        println!(
+                            "[timeout] no PDU received in {}s, connection kept open.",
+                            state.read_timeout_secs
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn handle_incoming_pdu(
+    writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf,
+    state: &mut ClientState,
+    header: &PduHeader,
+    body: &[u8],
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    match header.pdu_type() {
+        PduType::CacheResponse => {
+            state.current_session_id = Some(header.session_id());
+        }
+
+        PduType::Ipv4Prefix | PduType::Ipv6Prefix | PduType::Aspa => {
+            if state.current_session_id.is_none() {
+                state.current_session_id = Some(header.session_id());
+            }
+        }
+
+        PduType::EndOfData => {
+            let session_id = header.session_id();
+            let eod = parse_end_of_data_info(body);
+
+            state.session_id = Some(session_id);
+            state.current_session_id = Some(session_id);
+
+            println!();
+
+            if let Some(eod) = eod {
+                state.serial = Some(eod.serial);
+                state.refresh = eod.refresh;
+                state.retry = eod.retry;
+                state.expire = eod.expire;
+
+                println!(
+                    "updated client state: session_id={}, serial={}",
+                    session_id, eod.serial
+                );
+
+                if let Some(refresh) = eod.refresh {
+                    println!("refresh    : {}", refresh);
+                }
+                if let Some(retry) = eod.retry {
+                    println!("retry      : {}", retry);
+                }
+                if let Some(expire) = eod.expire {
+                    println!("expire     : {}", expire);
+                }
+
+                state.schedule_next_poll();
+                println!(
+                    "next auto poll scheduled after {}s",
+                    state.effective_poll_secs()
+                );
+            } else {
+                println!(
+                    "updated client state: session_id={}, serial=<unknown>",
+                    session_id
+                );
+            }
+
+            println!("received EndOfData, keep connection open.");
+            println!();
+        }
+
+        PduType::SerialNotify => {
+            let notify_session_id = header.session_id();
+            let notify_serial = parse_serial_notify_serial(body);
+
+            println!();
+
+            match (state.session_id, state.serial, notify_serial) {
+                (Some(current_session_id), Some(current_serial), Some(_new_serial))
+                if current_session_id == notify_session_id =>
+                    {
+                        println!(
+                            "received Serial Notify for current session {}, send Serial Query with serial {}",
+                            current_session_id, current_serial
+                        );
+                        send_serial_query(
+                            writer,
+                            state.version,
+                            current_session_id,
+                            current_serial,
+                        )
+                            .await?;
+                    }
+
+                _ => {
+                    println!(
+                        "received Serial Notify but local session/serial state is not usable, send Reset Query"
+                    );
+                    send_reset_query(writer, state.version).await?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            state.schedule_next_poll();
+            println!();
+        }
+
+        PduType::CacheReset => {
+            println!();
+            println!("received Cache Reset, send Reset Query");
+            state.current_session_id = None;
+            state.serial = None;
+            send_reset_query(writer, state.version).await?;
+            state.schedule_next_poll();
+            println!();
+        }
+
+        PduType::ErrorReport => {
+            println!();
+            println!("received Error Report, keep connection open for debugging.");
+            if let Some(retry) = state.retry {
+                println!("will keep auto polling; server retry hint currently stored: {}s", retry);
+            }
+            println!();
+        }
+
+        PduType::SerialQuery | PduType::ResetQuery | PduType::Unknown(_) => {
+            // only print, no extra action
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn handle_poll_tick(
+    writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf,
+    state: &mut ClientState,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    println!();
+    println!(
+        "[auto-poll] timer fired (interval={}s)",
+        state.effective_poll_secs()
+    );
+
+    match (state.session_id, state.serial) {
+        (Some(session_id), Some(serial)) => {
+            println!(
+                "[auto-poll] send Serial Query with session_id={}, serial={}",
+                session_id, serial
+            );
+            send_serial_query(writer, state.version, session_id, serial).await?;
+        }
+        _ => {
+            println!("[auto-poll] local state incomplete, send Reset Query");
+            send_reset_query(writer, state.version).await?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn handle_console_command(
+    line: &str,
+    writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf,
+    state: &mut ClientState,
+) -> io::Result<bool> {
+    let line = line.trim();
+
+    if line.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
+
+    match parts.as_slice() {
+        ["help"] => {
+            print_help();
+        }
+
+        ["state"] => {
+            print_state(state);
+        }
+
+        ["reset"] => {
+            println!("manual command: send Reset Query");
+            send_reset_query(writer, state.version).await?;
+            state.schedule_next_poll();
+        }
+
+        ["serial"] => {
+            match (state.session_id, state.serial) {
+                (Some(session_id), Some(serial)) => {
+                    println!(
+                        "manual command: send Serial Query with current state: session_id={}, serial={}",
+                        session_id, serial
+                    );
+                    send_serial_query(writer, state.version, session_id, serial).await?;
+                    state.schedule_next_poll();
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    println!(
+                        "manual command failed: current session_id/serial not available, use `reset` or `serial <session_id> <serial>`"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        ["serial", session_id, serial] => {
+            let session_id = match session_id.parse::<u16>() {
+                Ok(v) => v,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    println!("invalid session_id: {}", err);
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+            };
+
+            let serial = match serial.parse::<u32>() {
+                Ok(v) => v,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    println!("invalid serial: {}", err);
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+            };
+
+            println!(
+                "manual command: send Serial Query with explicit args: session_id={}, serial={}",
+                session_id, serial
+            );
+            state.session_id = Some(session_id);
+            state.serial = Some(serial);
+            send_serial_query(writer, state.version, session_id, serial).await?;
+            state.schedule_next_poll();
+        }
+
+        ["timeout"] => {
+            println!("current read timeout: {}s", state.read_timeout_secs);
+        }
+
+        ["timeout", secs] => {
+            let secs = match secs.parse::<u64>() {
+                Ok(v) if v > 0 => v,
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    println!("timeout must be > 0");
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    println!("invalid timeout seconds: {}", err);
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+            };
+
+            state.read_timeout_secs = secs;
+            println!("updated read timeout to {}s", state.read_timeout_secs);
+        }
+
+        ["poll"] => {
+            println!(
+                "current effective poll interval: {}s",
+                state.effective_poll_secs()
+            );
+            println!("stored refresh hint        : {:?}", state.refresh);
+            println!("default poll interval      : {}s", state.default_poll_secs);
+        }
+
+        ["poll", secs] => {
+            let secs = match secs.parse::<u64>() {
+                Ok(v) if v > 0 => v,
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    println!("poll interval must be > 0");
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    println!("invalid poll seconds: {}", err);
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+            };
+
+            state.refresh = Some(secs as u32);
+            state.schedule_next_poll();
+            println!("updated poll interval to {}s", secs);
+        }
+
+        ["quit"] | ["exit"] => {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        _ => {
+            println!("unknown command: {}", line);
+            print_help();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+fn print_help() {
+    println!("available commands:");
+    println!("  help                     show this help");
+    println!("  state                    print current client state");
+    println!("  reset                    send Reset Query");
+    println!("  serial                   send Serial Query with current session_id/serial");
+    println!("  serial <sid> <serial>    send Serial Query with explicit values");
+    println!("  timeout                  show current read timeout");
+    println!("  timeout <secs>           update read timeout seconds");
+    println!("  poll                     show current poll interval");
+    println!("  poll <secs>              override poll interval seconds");
+    println!("  quit                     exit client");
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn print_state(state: &ClientState) {
+    println!("client state:");
+    println!("  version            : {}", state.version);
+    println!("  session_id         : {:?}", state.session_id);
+    println!("  serial             : {:?}", state.serial);
+    println!("  current_session_id : {:?}", state.current_session_id);
+    println!("  refresh            : {:?}", state.refresh);
+    println!("  retry              : {:?}", state.retry);
+    println!("  expire             : {:?}", state.expire);
+    println!("  read_timeout_secs  : {}", state.read_timeout_secs);
+    println!("  default_poll_secs  : {}", state.default_poll_secs);
+    println!("  effective_poll_secs: {}", state.effective_poll_secs());
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ClientState {
+    version: u8,
+    session_id: Option<u16>,
+    serial: Option<u32>,
+    current_session_id: Option<u16>,
+
+    refresh: Option<u32>,
+    retry: Option<u32>,
+    expire: Option<u32>,
+
+    read_timeout_secs: u64,
+    default_poll_secs: u64,
+    next_poll_deadline: Instant,
+}
+
+impl ClientState {
+    fn new(version: u8, read_timeout_secs: u64, default_poll_secs: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version,
+            session_id: None,
+            serial: None,
+            current_session_id: None,
+            refresh: None,
+            retry: None,
+            expire: None,
+            read_timeout_secs,
+            default_poll_secs,
+            next_poll_deadline: Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(default_poll_secs),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn effective_poll_secs(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.refresh.map(|v| v as u64).unwrap_or(self.default_poll_secs)
+    }
+
+    fn schedule_next_poll(&mut self) {
+        self.next_poll_deadline =
+            Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(self.effective_poll_secs());
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Config {
+    addr: String,
+    version: u8,
+    mode: QueryMode,
+    read_timeout_secs: u64,
+    default_poll_secs: u64,
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    fn from_args() -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut args = env::args().skip(1);
+
+        let addr = args
+            .next()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "127.0.0.1:3323".to_string());
+
+        let version = args
+            .next()
+            .map(|s| {
+                s.parse::<u8>().map_err(|e| {
+                    io::Error::new(
+                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                        format!("invalid version '{}': {}", s, e),
+                    )
+                })
+            })
+            .transpose()?
+            .unwrap_or(1);
+
+        if version > 2 {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                format!("unsupported RTR version {}, expected 0..=2", version),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let mode = match args.next().as_deref() {
+            None | Some("reset") => QueryMode::Reset,
+            Some("serial") => {
+                let session_id = args
+                    .next()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        io::Error::new(
+                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                            "serial mode requires session_id and serial",
+                        )
+                    })?
+                    .parse::<u16>()
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        io::Error::new(
+                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                            format!("invalid session_id: {}", e),
+                        )
+                    })?;
+
+                let serial = args
+                    .next()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        io::Error::new(
+                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                            "serial mode requires serial",
+                        )
+                    })?
+                    .parse::<u32>()
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        io::Error::new(
+                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                            format!("invalid serial: {}", e),
+                        )
+                    })?;
+
+                QueryMode::Serial { session_id, serial }
+            }
+            Some(other) => {
+                return Err(io::Error::new(
+                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                    format!("invalid mode '{}', expected 'reset' or 'serial'", other),
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            addr,
+            version,
+            mode,
+            read_timeout_secs: DEFAULT_READ_TIMEOUT_SECS,
+            default_poll_secs: DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_SECS,
+        })
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/pretty.rs b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/pretty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de9202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/pretty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+
+use crate::protocol::{
+    flag_meaning, hex_bytes, PduHeader, PduType, ASPA_FIXED_BODY_LEN,
+    END_OF_DATA_V0_BODY_LEN, END_OF_DATA_V1_BODY_LEN, IPV4_PREFIX_BODY_LEN,
+    IPV6_PREFIX_BODY_LEN, ROUTER_KEY_FIXED_BODY_LEN,
+};
+
+pub fn print_pdu(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------");
+    println!("PDU: {}", header.pdu_type());
+    println!("version : {}", header.version);
+    println!("length  : {}", header.length);
+
+    match header.pdu_type() {
+        PduType::CacheResponse => {
+            println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+        }
+        PduType::CacheReset => {
+            println!("cache reset");
+        }
+        PduType::Ipv4Prefix => {
+            print_ipv4_prefix(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::Ipv6Prefix => {
+            print_ipv6_prefix(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::EndOfData => {
+            print_end_of_data(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::ErrorReport => {
+            print_error_report(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::SerialNotify => {
+            print_serial_notify(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::SerialQuery => {
+            print_serial_query(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::Aspa => {
+            print_aspa(header, body);
+        }
+        PduType::ResetQuery => {
+            println!("reset query");
+        }
+        PduType::Unknown(_) => {
+            println!("field1  : {}", header.field1);
+            println!("body    : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn print_ipv4_prefix(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    if body.len() != IPV4_PREFIX_BODY_LEN {
+        println!("invalid IPv4 Prefix body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body: {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let flags = body[0];
+    let prefix_len = body[1];
+    let max_len = body[2];
+    let zero = body[3];
+    let prefix = Ipv4Addr::new(body[4], body[5], body[6], body[7]);
+    let asn = u32::from_be_bytes([body[8], body[9], body[10], body[11]]);
+
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+    println!("flags      : 0x{:02x} ({})", flags, flag_meaning(flags));
+    println!("prefix_len : {}", prefix_len);
+    println!("max_len    : {}", max_len);
+    println!("zero       : {}", zero);
+    println!("prefix     : {}", prefix);
+    println!("asn        : {}", asn);
+}
+
+fn print_ipv6_prefix(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    if body.len() != IPV6_PREFIX_BODY_LEN {
+        println!("invalid IPv6 Prefix body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body: {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let flags = body[0];
+    let prefix_len = body[1];
+    let max_len = body[2];
+    let zero = body[3];
+
+    let mut addr = [0u8; 16];
+    addr.copy_from_slice(&body[4..20]);
+    let prefix = Ipv6Addr::from(addr);
+
+    let asn = u32::from_be_bytes([body[20], body[21], body[22], body[23]]);
+
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+    println!("flags      : 0x{:02x} ({})", flags, flag_meaning(flags));
+    println!("prefix_len : {}", prefix_len);
+    println!("max_len    : {}", max_len);
+    println!("zero       : {}", zero);
+    println!("prefix     : {}", prefix);
+    println!("asn        : {}", asn);
+}
+
+fn print_end_of_data(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+
+    match body.len() {
+        END_OF_DATA_V0_BODY_LEN => {
+            let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+            println!("serial     : {}", serial);
+            println!("variant    : v0");
+        }
+        END_OF_DATA_V1_BODY_LEN => {
+            let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+            let refresh = u32::from_be_bytes([body[4], body[5], body[6], body[7]]);
+            let retry = u32::from_be_bytes([body[8], body[9], body[10], body[11]]);
+            let expire = u32::from_be_bytes([body[12], body[13], body[14], body[15]]);
+            println!("serial     : {}", serial);
+            println!("refresh    : {}", refresh);
+            println!("retry      : {}", retry);
+            println!("expire     : {}", expire);
+            println!("variant    : v1/v2");
+        }
+        _ => {
+            println!("invalid EndOfData body length: {}", body.len());
+            println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn print_error_report(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    println!("error_code : {}", header.error_code());
+
+    if body.len() < 8 {
+        println!("invalid ErrorReport body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let encapsulated_len =
+        u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]) as usize;
+
+    if body.len() < 4 + encapsulated_len + 4 {
+        println!("invalid ErrorReport: truncated encapsulated PDU");
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let encapsulated = &body[4..4 + encapsulated_len];
+
+    let text_len_offset = 4 + encapsulated_len;
+    let text_len = u32::from_be_bytes([
+        body[text_len_offset],
+        body[text_len_offset + 1],
+        body[text_len_offset + 2],
+        body[text_len_offset + 3],
+    ]) as usize;
+
+    if body.len() < text_len_offset + 4 + text_len {
+        println!("invalid ErrorReport: truncated text");
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let text_bytes = &body[text_len_offset + 4..text_len_offset + 4 + text_len];
+    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(text_bytes);
+
+    println!("encap_len  : {}", encapsulated_len);
+    println!("encap_pdu  : {}", hex_bytes(encapsulated));
+    println!("text_len   : {}", text_len);
+    println!("text       : {}", text);
+}
+
+fn print_serial_notify(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    if body.len() != 4 {
+        println!("invalid Serial Notify body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+    println!("serial     : {}", serial);
+}
+
+fn print_serial_query(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    if body.len() != 4 {
+        println!("invalid Serial Query body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+    println!("serial     : {}", serial);
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn print_router_key(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+
+    if body.len() < ROUTER_KEY_FIXED_BODY_LEN {
+        println!("invalid Router Key body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let flags = body[0];
+    let zero = body[1];
+    let ski = &body[2..22];
+    let asn = u32::from_be_bytes([body[22], body[23], body[24], body[25]]);
+    let spki = &body[26..];
+
+    println!("flags      : 0x{:02x} ({})", flags, flag_meaning(flags));
+    println!("zero       : {}", zero);
+    println!("ski        : {}", hex_bytes(ski));
+    println!("asn        : {}", asn);
+    println!("spki_len   : {}", spki.len());
+    println!("spki       : {}", hex_bytes(spki));
+}
+
+fn print_aspa(header: &PduHeader, body: &[u8]) {
+    println!("session_id : {}", header.session_id());
+
+    if body.len() < ASPA_FIXED_BODY_LEN {
+        println!("invalid ASPA body length: {}", body.len());
+        println!("raw body   : {}", hex_bytes(body));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let flags = body[0];
+    let zero1 = body[1];
+    let zero2 = body[2];
+    let zero3 = body[3];
+    let customer_asn = u32::from_be_bytes([body[4], body[5], body[6], body[7]]);
+
+    println!("flags       : 0x{:02x} ({})", flags, flag_meaning(flags));
+    println!("reserved    : [{}, {}, {}]", zero1, zero2, zero3);
+    println!("customer_as : {}", customer_asn);
+
+    let providers_raw = &body[8..];
+    if providers_raw.len() % 4 != 0 {
+        println!("invalid ASPA providers length: {}", providers_raw.len());
+        println!("providers   : {}", hex_bytes(providers_raw));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut providers = Vec::new();
+    for chunk in providers_raw.chunks_exact(4) {
+        providers.push(u32::from_be_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1], chunk[2], chunk[3]]));
+    }
+
+    println!("providers   : {:?}", providers);
+}
+
+pub fn parse_serial_notify_serial(body: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+    if body.len() != 4 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]))
+}
+
+pub fn parse_end_of_data_serial(body: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+    match body.len() {
+        4 | 16 => Some(u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]])),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct EndOfDataInfo {
+    pub serial: u32,
+    pub refresh: Option<u32>,
+    pub retry: Option<u32>,
+    pub expire: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_end_of_data_info(body: &[u8]) -> Option<EndOfDataInfo> {
+    match body.len() {
+        4 => {
+            let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+            Some(EndOfDataInfo {
+                serial,
+                refresh: None,
+                retry: None,
+                expire: None,
+            })
+        }
+        16 => {
+            let serial = u32::from_be_bytes([body[0], body[1], body[2], body[3]]);
+            let refresh = u32::from_be_bytes([body[4], body[5], body[6], body[7]]);
+            let retry = u32::from_be_bytes([body[8], body[9], body[10], body[11]]);
+            let expire = u32::from_be_bytes([body[12], body[13], body[14], body[15]]);
+            Some(EndOfDataInfo {
+                serial,
+                refresh: Some(refresh),
+                retry: Some(retry),
+                expire: Some(expire),
+            })
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/protocol.rs b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/protocol.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2e6e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/protocol.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+pub const HEADER_LEN: usize = 8;
+pub const SERIAL_QUERY_LEN: usize = 12;
+pub const MAX_PDU_LEN: u32 = 1024 * 1024; // 1 MiB
+
+pub const IPV4_PREFIX_BODY_LEN: usize = 12;
+pub const IPV6_PREFIX_BODY_LEN: usize = 24;
+pub const END_OF_DATA_V0_BODY_LEN: usize = 4;
+pub const END_OF_DATA_V1_BODY_LEN: usize = 16;
+pub const ROUTER_KEY_FIXED_BODY_LEN: usize = 26;
+pub const ASPA_FIXED_BODY_LEN: usize = 8;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum QueryMode {
+    Reset,
+    Serial { session_id: u16, serial: u32 },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PduType {
+    SerialNotify,
+    SerialQuery,
+    ResetQuery,
+    CacheResponse,
+    Ipv4Prefix,
+    Ipv6Prefix,
+    EndOfData,
+    CacheReset,
+    ErrorReport,
+    Aspa,
+    Unknown(u8),
+}
+
+impl PduType {
+    pub fn code(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::SerialNotify => 0,
+            Self::SerialQuery => 1,
+            Self::ResetQuery => 2,
+            Self::CacheResponse => 3,
+            Self::Ipv4Prefix => 4,
+            Self::Ipv6Prefix => 6,
+            Self::EndOfData => 7,
+            Self::CacheReset => 8,
+            Self::ErrorReport => 10,
+            Self::Aspa => 11,
+            Self::Unknown(v) => v,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::SerialNotify => "Serial Notify",
+            Self::SerialQuery => "Serial Query",
+            Self::ResetQuery => "Reset Query",
+            Self::CacheResponse => "Cache Response",
+            Self::Ipv4Prefix => "IPv4 Prefix",
+            Self::Ipv6Prefix => "IPv6 Prefix",
+            Self::EndOfData => "End of Data",
+            Self::CacheReset => "Cache Reset",
+            Self::ErrorReport => "Error Report",
+            Self::Aspa => "ASPA",
+            Self::Unknown(_) => "Unknown",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for PduType {
+    fn from(value: u8) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            0 => Self::SerialNotify,
+            1 => Self::SerialQuery,
+            2 => Self::ResetQuery,
+            3 => Self::CacheResponse,
+            4 => Self::Ipv4Prefix,
+            6 => Self::Ipv6Prefix,
+            7 => Self::EndOfData,
+            8 => Self::CacheReset,
+            10 => Self::ErrorReport,
+            11 => Self::Aspa,
+            x => Self::Unknown(x),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PduType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Unknown(v) => write!(f, "{} ({})", self.name(), v),
+            _ => write!(f, "{} ({})", self.name(), self.code()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PduHeader {
+    pub version: u8,
+    pub pdu_type_raw: u8,
+    pub field1: u16,
+    pub length: u32,
+}
+
+impl PduHeader {
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: [u8; HEADER_LEN]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: buf[0],
+            pdu_type_raw: buf[1],
+            field1: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[2], buf[3]]),
+            length: u32::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7]]),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pdu_type(&self) -> PduType {
+        self.pdu_type_raw.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn session_id(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.field1
+    }
+
+    pub fn error_code(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.field1
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RawPdu {
+    pub header: PduHeader,
+    pub body: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+pub fn flag_meaning(flags: u8) -> &'static str {
+    if flags & 0x01 == 0x01 {
+        "announcement"
+    } else {
+        "withdrawal"
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn hex_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> String {
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return "<empty>".to_string();
+    }
+
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(data.len() * 3 - 1);
+    for (idx, b) in data.iter().enumerate() {
+        if idx > 0 {
+            out.push(' ');
+        }
+        use std::fmt::Write as _;
+        let _ = write!(out, "{:02x}", b);
+    }
+    out
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/wire.rs b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/wire.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..346cb01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/rtr_debug_client/wire.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use std::io;
+
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
+
+use crate::protocol::{
+    PduHeader, PduType, RawPdu, HEADER_LEN, MAX_PDU_LEN, SERIAL_QUERY_LEN,
+};
+
+pub async fn send_reset_query<S>(stream: &mut S, version: u8) -> io::Result<()>
+where
+    S: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut buf = [0u8; HEADER_LEN];
+    buf[0] = version;
+    buf[1] = PduType::ResetQuery.code();
+    buf[2..4].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes());
+    buf[4..8].copy_from_slice(&(HEADER_LEN as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    stream.write_all(&buf).await?;
+    stream.flush().await
+}
+
+pub async fn send_serial_query<S>(
+    stream: &mut S,
+    version: u8,
+    session_id: u16,
+    serial: u32,
+) -> io::Result<()>
+where
+    S: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut buf = [0u8; SERIAL_QUERY_LEN];
+    buf[0] = version;
+    buf[1] = PduType::SerialQuery.code();
+    buf[2..4].copy_from_slice(&session_id.to_be_bytes());
+    buf[4..8].copy_from_slice(&(SERIAL_QUERY_LEN as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    buf[8..12].copy_from_slice(&serial.to_be_bytes());
+    stream.write_all(&buf).await?;
+    stream.flush().await
+}
+
+pub async fn read_header<S>(stream: &mut S) -> io::Result<PduHeader>
+where
+    S: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut buf = [0u8; HEADER_LEN];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
+    Ok(PduHeader::from_bytes(buf))
+}
+
+pub async fn read_pdu<S>(stream: &mut S) -> io::Result<RawPdu>
+where
+    S: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let header = read_header(stream).await?;
+
+    if header.length < HEADER_LEN as u32 {
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+            format!(
+                "invalid PDU length {} < {}",
+                header.length, HEADER_LEN
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if header.length > MAX_PDU_LEN {
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+            format!(
+                "PDU length {} exceeds max allowed {}",
+                header.length, MAX_PDU_LEN
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let body_len = header.length as usize - HEADER_LEN;
+    let mut body = vec![0u8; body_len];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut body).await?;
+
+    Ok(RawPdu { header, body })
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data_model/resources/as_resources.rs b/src/data_model/resources/as_resources.rs
index fc49f4d..6ac7ef9 100644
--- a/src/data_model/resources/as_resources.rs
+++ b/src/data_model/resources/as_resources.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ASIdentifiers {
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ impl ASRange {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Asn(u32);
 
 impl Asn {
diff --git a/src/data_model/resources/ip_resources.rs b/src/data_model/resources/ip_resources.rs
index efc0250..a419aaa 100644
--- a/src/data_model/resources/ip_resources.rs
+++ b/src/data_model/resources/ip_resources.rs
@@ -1,71 +1,157 @@
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct IPAddrBlocks {
-    pub ips: Vec<IPAddressFamily>
+    pub ips: Vec<IPAddressFamily>,
 }
 
-
 // IP Address Family
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct IPAddressFamily {
     pub address_family: Afi,
     pub ip_address_choice: IPAddressChoice,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Afi {
     Ipv4,
     Ipv6,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum IPAddressChoice {
     Inherit,
     AddressOrRange(Vec<IPAddressOrRange>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum IPAddressOrRange {
     AddressPrefix(IPAddressPrefix),
     AddressRange(IPAddressRange),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct IPAddressPrefix {
     pub address: IPAddress,
     pub prefix_length: u8,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+impl IPAddressPrefix {
+    pub fn new(address: IPAddress, prefix_length: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            address,
+            prefix_length,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_ipv4(&self) -> bool {
+        self.address.is_ipv4()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_ipv6(&self) -> bool {
+        self.address.is_ipv6()
+    }
+
+    pub fn afi(&self) -> Afi {
+        self.address.afi()
+    }
+
+    pub fn address(&self) -> IPAddress {
+        self.address
+    }
+
+    pub fn prefix_length(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.prefix_length
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct IPAddressRange {
     pub min: IPAddress,
     pub max: IPAddress,
 }
 
-use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
-pub struct IPAddress(u128);
-
-impl IPAddress {
-    pub fn to_ipv4(self) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
-        if self.0 <= u32::MAX as u128 {
-            Some(Ipv4Addr::from(self.0 as u32))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+impl IPAddressRange {
+    pub fn new(min: IPAddress, max: IPAddress) -> Self {
+        Self { min, max }
     }
 
-    pub fn to_ipv6(self) -> Ipv6Addr {
-        Ipv6Addr::from(self.0)
+    pub fn min(&self) -> IPAddress {
+        self.min
     }
 
-    pub fn is_ipv4(self) -> bool {
-        self.0 <= u32::MAX as u128
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_u128(self) -> u128 {
-        self.0
+    pub fn max(&self) -> IPAddress {
+        self.max
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum IPAddress {
+    V4(Ipv4Addr),
+    V6(Ipv6Addr),
+}
+
+impl IPAddress {
+    pub fn from_ipv4(addr: Ipv4Addr) -> Self {
+        Self::V4(addr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_ipv6(addr: Ipv6Addr) -> Self {
+        Self::V6(addr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_ipv4(self) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(addr) => Some(addr),
+            Self::V6(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_ipv6(self) -> Option<Ipv6Addr> {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(_) => None,
+            Self::V6(addr) => Some(addr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_ipv4(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::V4(_))
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_ipv6(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::V6(_))
+    }
+
+    pub fn afi(self) -> Afi {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(_) => Afi::Ipv4,
+            Self::V6(_) => Afi::Ipv6,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the numeric address value.
+    ///
+    /// For IPv4, this is the 32-bit address widened to u128.
+    /// For IPv6, this is the full 128-bit address.
+    pub fn as_u128(self) -> u128 {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(addr) => u32::from(addr) as u128,
+            Self::V6(addr) => u128::from(addr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_v4_u32(self) -> Option<u32> {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(addr) => Some(u32::from(addr)),
+            Self::V6(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_v6_u128(self) -> Option<u128> {
+        match self {
+            Self::V4(_) => None,
+            Self::V6(addr) => Some(u128::from(addr)),
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data_model/resources/mod.rs b/src/data_model/resources/mod.rs
index 46a9e49..5b8b049 100644
--- a/src/data_model/resources/mod.rs
+++ b/src/data_model/resources/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-pub(crate) mod ip_resources;
-pub(crate) mod as_resources;
+pub mod ip_resources;
+pub mod as_resources;
 pub mod resource;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 72d8e7e..5ef2acb 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 pub mod data_model;
 mod slurm;
-mod rtr;
+pub mod rtr;
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1eebd79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use rpki::rtr::cache::{RtrCache, SharedRtrCache};
+use rpki::rtr::loader::load_vrps_from_file;
+use rpki::rtr::payload::Timing;
+use rpki::rtr::server::{RtrNotifier, RtrService, RtrServiceConfig, RunningRtrService};
+use rpki::rtr::store_db::RtrStore;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct AppConfig {
+    enable_tls: bool,
+    tcp_addr: SocketAddr,
+    tls_addr: SocketAddr,
+
+    db_path: String,
+    vrp_file: String,
+    tls_cert_path: String,
+    tls_key_path: String,
+
+    max_delta: u8,
+    refresh_interval: Duration,
+
+    service_config: RtrServiceConfig,
+}
+
+impl Default for AppConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enable_tls: false,
+            tcp_addr: "0.0.0.0:3323".parse().expect("invalid default tcp_addr"),
+            tls_addr: "0.0.0.0:3324".parse().expect("invalid default tls_addr"),
+
+            db_path: "./rtr-db".to_string(),
+            vrp_file: r"C:\Users\xuxiu\git_code\rpki\data\vrps.txt".to_string(),
+            tls_cert_path: "./certs/server.crt".to_string(),
+            tls_key_path: "./certs/server.key".to_string(),
+
+            max_delta: 100,
+            refresh_interval: Duration::from_secs(300),
+
+            service_config: RtrServiceConfig {
+                max_connections: 512,
+                notify_queue_size: 1024,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_tracing();
+
+    let config = AppConfig::default();
+    log_startup_config(&config);
+
+    let store = open_store(&config)?;
+    let shared_cache = init_shared_cache(&config, &store)?;
+
+    let service = RtrService::with_config(shared_cache.clone(), config.service_config.clone());
+    let notifier = service.notifier();
+
+    let running = start_servers(&config, &service);
+    let refresh_task = spawn_refresh_task(&config, shared_cache.clone(), store.clone(), notifier);
+
+    wait_for_shutdown().await?;
+
+    running.shutdown();
+    running.wait().await;
+
+    refresh_task.abort();
+    let _ = refresh_task.await;
+
+    info!("RTR service stopped");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn open_store(config: &AppConfig) -> Result<RtrStore> {
+    info!("opening RTR store: {}", config.db_path);
+    RtrStore::open(&config.db_path)
+}
+
+fn init_shared_cache(config: &AppConfig, store: &RtrStore) -> Result<SharedRtrCache> {
+    let initial_cache = RtrCache::default().init(
+        store,
+        config.max_delta,
+        Timing::default(),
+        || load_vrps_from_file(&config.vrp_file),
+    )?;
+
+    let shared_cache: SharedRtrCache = Arc::new(RwLock::new(initial_cache));
+
+    {
+        let cache = shared_cache
+            .read()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned during startup"))?;
+
+        info!(
+            "cache initialized: session_id={}, serial={}",
+            cache.session_id(),
+            cache.serial()
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(shared_cache)
+}
+
+fn start_servers(config: &AppConfig, service: &RtrService) -> RunningRtrService {
+    if config.enable_tls {
+        info!("starting TCP and TLS RTR servers");
+        service.spawn_tcp_and_tls_from_pem(
+            config.tcp_addr,
+            config.tls_addr,
+            &config.tls_cert_path,
+            &config.tls_key_path,
+        )
+    } else {
+        info!("starting TCP RTR server");
+        service.spawn_tcp_only(config.tcp_addr)
+    }
+}
+
+fn spawn_refresh_task(
+    config: &AppConfig,
+    shared_cache: SharedRtrCache,
+    store: RtrStore,
+    notifier: RtrNotifier,
+) -> JoinHandle<()> {
+    let refresh_interval = config.refresh_interval;
+    let vrp_file = config.vrp_file.clone();
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(refresh_interval);
+
+        loop {
+            interval.tick().await;
+
+            match load_vrps_from_file(&vrp_file) {
+                Ok(payloads) => {
+                    let updated = {
+                        let mut cache = match shared_cache.write() {
+                            Ok(guard) => guard,
+                            Err(_) => {
+                                warn!("cache write lock poisoned during refresh");
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        let old_serial = cache.serial();
+
+                        match cache.update(payloads, &store) {
+                            Ok(()) => cache.serial() != old_serial,
+                            Err(err) => {
+                                warn!("RTR cache update failed: {:?}", err);
+                                false
+                            }
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if updated {
+                        notifier.notify_cache_updated();
+                        info!("RTR cache updated, serial notify broadcast sent");
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    warn!("failed to reload VRPs from file {}: {:?}", vrp_file, err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_shutdown() -> Result<()> {
+    tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await?;
+    info!("shutdown signal received");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn log_startup_config(config: &AppConfig) {
+    info!("starting RTR service");
+    info!("db_path={}", config.db_path);
+    info!("tcp_addr={}", config.tcp_addr);
+    info!("tls_enabled={}", config.enable_tls);
+
+    if config.enable_tls {
+        info!("tls_addr={}", config.tls_addr);
+        info!("tls_cert_path={}", config.tls_cert_path);
+        info!("tls_key_path={}", config.tls_key_path);
+    }
+
+    info!("vrp_file={}", config.vrp_file);
+    info!("max_delta={}", config.max_delta);
+    info!(
+        "refresh_interval_secs={}",
+        config.refresh_interval.as_secs()
+    );
+    info!(
+        "max_connections={}",
+        config.service_config.max_connections
+    );
+    info!(
+        "notify_queue_size={}",
+        config.service_config.notify_queue_size
+    );
+}
+
+fn init_tracing() {
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_target(true)
+        .with_thread_ids(true)
+        .with_level(true)
+        .try_init();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/cache.rs b/src/rtr/cache.rs
index 29619b7..7d2b115 100644
--- a/src/rtr/cache.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/cache.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, VecDeque};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime, Utc};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-use crate::rtr::payload::{Aspa, Payload, RouteOrigin, RouterKey};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use crate::data_model::resources::ip_resources::IPAddress;
+use crate::rtr::payload::{Aspa, Payload, RouteOrigin, RouterKey, Timing};
 use crate::rtr::store_db::RtrStore;
 
 const DEFAULT_RETRY_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(600);
 const DEFAULT_EXPIRE_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(7200);
 
+
+
+pub type SharedRtrCache = Arc<RwLock<RtrCache>>;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DualTime {
     instant: Instant,
@@ -79,6 +85,11 @@ pub struct Snapshot {
     router_keys: BTreeSet<RouterKey>,
     aspas: BTreeSet<Aspa>,
     created_at: DualTime,
+
+    origins_hash: [u8; 32],
+    router_keys_hash: [u8; 32],
+    aspas_hash: [u8; 32],
+    snapshot_hash: [u8; 32],
 }
 
 impl Snapshot {
@@ -87,12 +98,18 @@ impl Snapshot {
         router_keys: BTreeSet<RouterKey>,
         aspas: BTreeSet<Aspa>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Snapshot {
+        let mut snapshot = Snapshot {
             origins,
             router_keys,
             aspas,
             created_at: DualTime::now(),
-        }
+            origins_hash: [0u8; 32],
+            router_keys_hash: [0u8; 32],
+            aspas_hash: [0u8; 32],
+            snapshot_hash: [0u8; 32],
+        };
+        snapshot.recompute_hashes();
+        snapshot
     }
 
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
@@ -118,37 +135,85 @@ impl Snapshot {
             }
         }
 
-        Snapshot {
-            origins,
-            router_keys,
-            aspas,
-            created_at: DualTime::now(),
+        Snapshot::new(origins, router_keys, aspas)
+    }
+
+    pub fn recompute_hashes(&mut self) {
+        self.origins_hash = self.compute_origins_hash();
+        self.router_keys_hash = self.compute_router_keys_hash();
+        self.aspas_hash = self.compute_aspas_hash();
+        self.snapshot_hash = self.compute_snapshot_hash();
+    }
+
+    fn compute_origins_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        Self::hash_ordered_iter(self.origins.iter())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_router_keys_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        Self::hash_ordered_iter(self.router_keys.iter())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_aspas_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        Self::hash_ordered_iter(self.aspas.iter())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_snapshot_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(b"snapshot:v1");
+        hasher.update(self.origins_hash);
+        hasher.update(self.router_keys_hash);
+        hasher.update(self.aspas_hash);
+        hasher.finalize().into()
+    }
+
+    fn hash_ordered_iter<'a, T, I>(iter: I) -> [u8; 32]
+    where
+        T: Serialize + 'a,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
+    {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(b"set:v1");
+
+        for item in iter {
+            let encoded =
+                serde_json::to_vec(item).expect("serialize snapshot item for hashing failed");
+            let len = (encoded.len() as u32).to_be_bytes();
+            hasher.update(len);
+            hasher.update(encoded);
         }
+
+        hasher.finalize().into()
     }
 
     pub fn diff(&self, new_snapshot: &Snapshot) -> (Vec<Payload>, Vec<Payload>) {
         let mut announced = Vec::new();
         let mut withdrawn = Vec::new();
 
-        for origin in new_snapshot.origins.difference(&self.origins) {
-            announced.push(Payload::RouteOrigin(origin.clone()));
-        }
-        for origin in self.origins.difference(&new_snapshot.origins) {
-            withdrawn.push(Payload::RouteOrigin(origin.clone()));
+        if !self.same_origins(new_snapshot) {
+            for origin in new_snapshot.origins.difference(&self.origins) {
+                announced.push(Payload::RouteOrigin(origin.clone()));
+            }
+            for origin in self.origins.difference(&new_snapshot.origins) {
+                withdrawn.push(Payload::RouteOrigin(origin.clone()));
+            }
         }
 
-        for key in new_snapshot.router_keys.difference(&self.router_keys) {
-            announced.push(Payload::RouterKey(key.clone()));
-        }
-        for key in self.router_keys.difference(&new_snapshot.router_keys) {
-            withdrawn.push(Payload::RouterKey(key.clone()));
+        if !self.same_router_keys(new_snapshot) {
+            for key in new_snapshot.router_keys.difference(&self.router_keys) {
+                announced.push(Payload::RouterKey(key.clone()));
+            }
+            for key in self.router_keys.difference(&new_snapshot.router_keys) {
+                withdrawn.push(Payload::RouterKey(key.clone()));
+            }
         }
 
-        for aspa in new_snapshot.aspas.difference(&self.aspas) {
-            announced.push(Payload::Aspa(aspa.clone()));
-        }
-        for aspa in self.aspas.difference(&new_snapshot.aspas) {
-            withdrawn.push(Payload::Aspa(aspa.clone()));
+        if !self.same_aspas(new_snapshot) {
+            for aspa in new_snapshot.aspas.difference(&self.aspas) {
+                announced.push(Payload::Aspa(aspa.clone()));
+            }
+            for aspa in self.aspas.difference(&new_snapshot.aspas) {
+                withdrawn.push(Payload::Aspa(aspa.clone()));
+            }
         }
 
         (announced, withdrawn)
@@ -169,6 +234,66 @@ impl Snapshot {
 
         v
     }
+
+    /// Payloads sorted for RTR full snapshot sending.
+    /// Snapshot represents current valid state, so all payloads are treated as announcements.
+    pub fn payloads_for_rtr(&self) -> Vec<Payload> {
+        let mut payloads = self.payloads();
+        sort_payloads_for_rtr(&mut payloads, true);
+        payloads
+    }
+
+    pub fn origins_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.origins_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn router_keys_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.router_keys_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn aspas_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.aspas_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn snapshot_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.snapshot_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn same_origins(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.origins_hash == other.origins_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn same_router_keys(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.router_keys_hash == other.router_keys_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn same_aspas(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.aspas_hash == other.aspas_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn same_content(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.snapshot_hash == other.snapshot_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn origins(&self) -> &BTreeSet<RouteOrigin> {
+        &self.origins
+    }
+
+    pub fn router_keys(&self) -> &BTreeSet<RouterKey> {
+        &self.router_keys
+    }
+
+    pub fn aspas(&self) -> &BTreeSet<Aspa> {
+        &self.aspas
+    }
+}
+
+impl Snapshot {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.origins.is_empty()
+            && self.router_keys.is_empty()
+            && self.aspas.is_empty()
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -180,7 +305,10 @@ pub struct Delta {
 }
 
 impl Delta {
-    pub fn new(serial: u32, announced: Vec<Payload>, withdrawn: Vec<Payload>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(serial: u32, mut announced: Vec<Payload>, mut withdrawn: Vec<Payload>) -> Self {
+        sort_payloads_for_rtr(&mut announced, true);
+        sort_payloads_for_rtr(&mut withdrawn, false);
+
         Delta {
             serial,
             announced,
@@ -201,8 +329,8 @@ impl Delta {
         &self.withdrawn
     }
 
-    pub fn created_at(self) -> DualTime {
-        self.created_at
+    pub fn created_at(&self) -> DualTime {
+        self.created_at.clone()
     }
 }
 
@@ -219,7 +347,7 @@ pub struct RtrCache {
     // Max number of deltas to keep.
     max_delta: u8,
     // Refresh interval.
-    refresh_interval: Duration,
+    timing: Timing,
     // Last update begin time.
     last_update_begin: DualTime,
     // Last update end time.
@@ -237,7 +365,7 @@ impl Default for RtrCache {
             snapshot: Snapshot::empty(),
             deltas: VecDeque::with_capacity(100),
             max_delta: 100,
-            refresh_interval: Duration::from_secs(600),
+            timing: Timing::default(),
             last_update_begin: now.clone(),
             last_update_end: now.clone(),
             created_at: now,
@@ -248,9 +376,10 @@ impl Default for RtrCache {
 pub struct RtrCacheBuilder {
     session_id: Option<u16>,
     max_delta: Option<u8>,
-    refresh_interval: Option<Duration>,
+    timing: Option<Timing>,
     serial: Option<u32>,
     snapshot: Option<Snapshot>,
+    deltas: Option<VecDeque<Arc<Delta>>>,
     created_at: Option<DualTime>,
 }
 
@@ -259,9 +388,10 @@ impl RtrCacheBuilder {
         Self {
             session_id: None,
             max_delta: None,
-            refresh_interval: None,
+            timing: None,
             serial: None,
             snapshot: None,
+            deltas: None,
             created_at: None,
         }
     }
@@ -276,8 +406,8 @@ impl RtrCacheBuilder {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn refresh_interval(mut self, v: Duration) -> Self {
-        self.refresh_interval = Some(v);
+    pub fn timing(mut self, v: Timing) -> Self {
+        self.timing = Some(v);
         self
     }
 
@@ -291,6 +421,11 @@ impl RtrCacheBuilder {
         self
     }
 
+    pub fn deltas(mut self, v: VecDeque<Arc<Delta>>) -> Self {
+        self.deltas = Some(v);
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn created_at(mut self, v: DualTime) -> Self {
         self.created_at = Some(v);
         self
@@ -299,8 +434,12 @@ impl RtrCacheBuilder {
     pub fn build(self) -> RtrCache {
         let now = DualTime::now();
         let max_delta = self.max_delta.unwrap_or(100);
-        let refresh_interval = self.refresh_interval.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(600));
+        let timing = self.timing.unwrap_or_default();
         let snapshot = self.snapshot.unwrap_or_else(Snapshot::empty);
+        let deltas = self
+            .deltas
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| VecDeque::with_capacity(max_delta.into()));
+
         let serial = self.serial.unwrap_or(0);
         let created_at = self.created_at.unwrap_or_else(|| now.clone());
         let session_id = self.session_id.unwrap_or_else(rand::random);
@@ -309,9 +448,9 @@ impl RtrCacheBuilder {
             session_id,
             serial,
             snapshot,
-            deltas: VecDeque::with_capacity(max_delta.into()),
+            deltas,
             max_delta,
-            refresh_interval,
+            timing,
             last_update_begin: now.clone(),
             last_update_end: now,
             created_at,
@@ -325,42 +464,44 @@ impl RtrCache {
         self,
         store: &RtrStore,
         max_delta: u8,
-        refresh_interval: Duration,
+        timing: Timing,
         file_loader: impl Fn() -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Payload>>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let snapshot = store.get_snapshot()?;
-        let session_id = store.get_session_id()?;
-        let serial = store.get_serial()?;
-
-        if let (Some(snapshot), Some(session_id), Some(serial)) =
-            (snapshot, session_id, serial)
-        {
-            let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
-                .session_id(session_id)
-                .max_delta(max_delta)
-                .refresh_interval(refresh_interval)
-                .serial(serial)
-                .snapshot(snapshot)
-                .build();
-
-            if let Some((min_serial, _max_serial)) = store.get_delta_window()? {
-                let deltas = store.load_deltas_since(min_serial.wrapping_sub(1))?;
-                for delta in deltas {
-                    cache.push_delta(Arc::new(delta));
-                }
-            }
-
+        if let Some(cache) = Self::try_restore_from_store(store, max_delta, timing)? {
+            tracing::info!(
+                "RTR cache restored from store: session_id={}, serial={}",
+                self.session_id,
+                self.serial
+            );
             return Ok(cache);
         }
 
+        tracing::warn!("RTR cache store unavailable or invalid, fallback to file loader");
+
         let payloads = file_loader()?;
         let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(payloads);
+
+        if snapshot.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("file loader returned an empty snapshot");
+        }
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            "RTR cache initialized from file loader: session_id={}, serial={}",
+            self.session_id,
+            self.serial
+        );
+
         let serial = 1;
         let session_id: u16 = rand::random();
 
+        let snapshot_for_store = snapshot.clone();
+        let snapshot_for_cache = snapshot.clone();
         let store = store.clone();
+
         tokio::spawn(async move {
-            if let Err(e) = store.save_snapshot_and_meta(&snapshot, session_id, serial) {
+            if let Err(e) =
+                store.save_snapshot_and_meta(&snapshot_for_store, session_id, serial)
+            {
                 tracing::error!("persist failed: {:?}", e);
             }
         });
@@ -368,10 +509,65 @@ impl RtrCache {
         Ok(RtrCacheBuilder::new()
             .session_id(session_id)
             .max_delta(max_delta)
-            .refresh_interval(refresh_interval)
+            .timing(timing)
+            .serial(serial)
+            .snapshot(snapshot_for_cache)
+            .build())
+    }
+
+    fn try_restore_from_store(
+        store: &RtrStore,
+        max_delta: u8,
+        timing: Timing,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Self>> {
+        let snapshot = store.get_snapshot()?;
+        let session_id = store.get_session_id()?;
+        let serial = store.get_serial()?;
+
+        let (snapshot, session_id, serial) = match (snapshot, session_id, serial) {
+            (Some(snapshot), Some(session_id), Some(serial)) => (snapshot, session_id, serial),
+            _ => {
+                tracing::warn!("RTR cache store incomplete: snapshot/session_id/serial missing");
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if snapshot.is_empty() {
+            tracing::warn!("RTR cache store snapshot is empty, treat as unusable");
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+            .session_id(session_id)
+            .max_delta(max_delta)
+            .timing(timing)
             .serial(serial)
             .snapshot(snapshot)
-            .build())
+            .build();
+
+        match store.get_delta_window()? {
+            Some((min_serial, _max_serial)) => {
+                let deltas = match store.load_deltas_since(min_serial.wrapping_sub(1)) {
+                    Ok(deltas) => deltas,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            "RTR cache store delta recovery failed, treat store as unusable: {:?}",
+                            err
+                        );
+                        return Ok(None);
+                    }
+                };
+
+                for delta in deltas {
+                    cache.push_delta(Arc::new(delta));
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                tracing::info!("RTR cache store has no delta window, restore snapshot only");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Some(cache))
     }
 
     fn next_serial(&mut self) -> u32 {
@@ -431,10 +627,19 @@ impl RtrCache {
         new_payloads: Vec<Payload>,
         store: &RtrStore,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.last_update_begin = DualTime::now();
+
         let new_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(new_payloads);
+
+        if self.snapshot.same_content(&new_snapshot) {
+            self.last_update_end = DualTime::now();
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         let (announced, withdrawn) = self.snapshot.diff(&new_snapshot);
 
         if announced.is_empty() && withdrawn.is_empty() {
+            self.last_update_end = DualTime::now();
             return Ok(());
         }
 
@@ -462,8 +667,8 @@ impl RtrCache {
         self.serial
     }
 
-    pub fn refresh_interval(&self) -> Duration {
-        self.refresh_interval
+    pub fn timing(&self) -> Timing {
+        self.timing
     }
 
     pub fn retry_interval(&self) -> Duration {
@@ -477,6 +682,18 @@ impl RtrCache {
     pub fn current_snapshot(&self) -> (&Snapshot, u32, u16) {
         (&self.snapshot, self.serial, self.session_id)
     }
+
+    pub fn last_update_begin(&self) -> DualTime {
+        self.last_update_begin.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_update_end(&self) -> DualTime {
+        self.last_update_end.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn created_at(&self) -> DualTime {
+        self.created_at.clone()
+    }
 }
 
 impl RtrCache {
@@ -524,6 +741,7 @@ impl RtrCache {
             return SerialResult::UpToDate;
         }
 
+        let _ = newest_serial;
         SerialResult::Deltas(result)
     }
 }
@@ -536,3 +754,176 @@ pub enum SerialResult {
     /// Delta window cannot cover; reset required.
     ResetRequired,
 }
+
+//------------ RTR ordering -------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+enum PayloadPduType {
+    Ipv4Prefix = 4,
+    Ipv6Prefix = 6,
+    RouterKey = 9,
+    Aspa = 11,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum RouteOriginKey {
+    V4 {
+        addr: u32,
+        plen: u8,
+        mlen: u8,
+        asn: u32,
+    },
+    V6 {
+        addr: u128,
+        plen: u8,
+        mlen: u8,
+        asn: u32,
+    },
+}
+
+fn sort_payloads_for_rtr(payloads: &mut [Payload], announce: bool) {
+    payloads.sort_by(|a, b| compare_payload_for_rtr(a, b, announce));
+}
+
+fn compare_payload_for_rtr(a: &Payload, b: &Payload, announce: bool) -> Ordering {
+    let type_a = payload_pdu_type(a);
+    let type_b = payload_pdu_type(b);
+
+    match type_a.cmp(&type_b) {
+        Ordering::Equal => {}
+        other => return other,
+    }
+
+    match (a, b) {
+        (Payload::RouteOrigin(a), Payload::RouteOrigin(b)) => {
+            compare_route_origin_for_rtr(a, b, announce)
+        }
+        (Payload::RouterKey(a), Payload::RouterKey(b)) => {
+            compare_router_key_for_rtr(a, b)
+        }
+        (Payload::Aspa(a), Payload::Aspa(b)) => compare_aspa_for_rtr(a, b),
+        _ => Ordering::Equal,
+    }
+}
+
+fn payload_pdu_type(payload: &Payload) -> PayloadPduType {
+    match payload {
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => {
+            if route_origin_is_ipv4(ro) {
+                PayloadPduType::Ipv4Prefix
+            } else {
+                PayloadPduType::Ipv6Prefix
+            }
+        }
+        Payload::RouterKey(_) => PayloadPduType::RouterKey,
+        Payload::Aspa(_) => PayloadPduType::Aspa,
+    }
+}
+
+fn route_origin_is_ipv4(ro: &RouteOrigin) -> bool {
+    ro.prefix().address.is_ipv4()
+}
+
+fn route_origin_key(ro: &RouteOrigin) -> RouteOriginKey {
+    let prefix = ro.prefix();
+    let plen = prefix.prefix_length;
+    let mlen = ro.max_length();
+    let asn = ro.asn().into_u32();
+
+    match prefix.address {
+        IPAddress::V4(addr) => {
+            RouteOriginKey::V4 {
+                addr: u32::from(addr),
+                plen,
+                mlen,
+                asn,
+            }
+        }
+        IPAddress::V6(addr) => {
+            RouteOriginKey::V6 {
+                addr: u128::from(addr),
+                plen,
+                mlen,
+                asn,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn compare_route_origin_for_rtr(
+    a: &RouteOrigin,
+    b: &RouteOrigin,
+    announce: bool,
+) -> Ordering {
+    match (route_origin_key(a), route_origin_key(b)) {
+        (
+            RouteOriginKey::V4 {
+                addr: addr_a,
+                plen: plen_a,
+                mlen: mlen_a,
+                asn: asn_a,
+            },
+            RouteOriginKey::V4 {
+                addr: addr_b,
+                plen: plen_b,
+                mlen: mlen_b,
+                asn: asn_b,
+            },
+        ) => {
+            if announce {
+                addr_b.cmp(&addr_a)
+                    .then_with(|| mlen_b.cmp(&mlen_a))
+                    .then_with(|| plen_b.cmp(&plen_a))
+                    .then_with(|| asn_b.cmp(&asn_a))
+            } else {
+                addr_a.cmp(&addr_b)
+                    .then_with(|| mlen_a.cmp(&mlen_b))
+                    .then_with(|| plen_a.cmp(&plen_b))
+                    .then_with(|| asn_a.cmp(&asn_b))
+            }
+        }
+
+        (
+            RouteOriginKey::V6 {
+                addr: addr_a,
+                plen: plen_a,
+                mlen: mlen_a,
+                asn: asn_a,
+            },
+            RouteOriginKey::V6 {
+                addr: addr_b,
+                plen: plen_b,
+                mlen: mlen_b,
+                asn: asn_b,
+            },
+        ) => {
+            if announce {
+                addr_b.cmp(&addr_a)
+                    .then_with(|| mlen_b.cmp(&mlen_a))
+                    .then_with(|| plen_b.cmp(&plen_a))
+                    .then_with(|| asn_b.cmp(&asn_a))
+            } else {
+                addr_a.cmp(&addr_b)
+                    .then_with(|| mlen_a.cmp(&mlen_b))
+                    .then_with(|| plen_a.cmp(&plen_b))
+                    .then_with(|| asn_a.cmp(&asn_b))
+            }
+        }
+
+        _ => Ordering::Equal,
+    }
+}
+
+fn compare_router_key_for_rtr(a: &RouterKey, b: &RouterKey) -> Ordering {
+    a.ski()
+        .cmp(&b.ski())
+        .then_with(|| a.spki().len().cmp(&b.spki().len()))
+        .then_with(|| a.spki().cmp(b.spki()))
+        .then_with(|| a.asn().into_u32().cmp(&b.asn().into_u32()))
+}
+
+fn compare_aspa_for_rtr(a: &Aspa, b: &Aspa) -> Ordering {
+    a.customer_asn()
+        .into_u32()
+        .cmp(&b.customer_asn().into_u32())
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/loader.rs b/src/rtr/loader.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35633b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/loader.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+
+use crate::data_model::resources::as_resources::Asn;
+use crate::data_model::resources::ip_resources::{IPAddress, IPAddressPrefix};
+use crate::rtr::payload::{Payload, RouteOrigin};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ParsedVrp {
+    pub prefix_addr: IpAddr,
+    pub prefix_len: u8,
+    pub max_len: u8,
+    pub asn: u32,
+}
+
+/// 从文本文件中加载 VRP，并转换成 RTR Payload::RouteOrigin。
+///
+/// 文件格式：
+///
+/// ```text
+/// # prefix,max_len,asn
+/// 10.0.0.0/24,24,65001
+/// 10.0.1.0/24,24,65002
+/// 2001:db8::/32,48,65003
+/// ```
+pub fn load_vrps_from_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Vec<Payload>> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read VRP file: {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let mut payloads = Vec::new();
+
+    for (idx, raw_line) in content.lines().enumerate() {
+        let line_no = idx + 1;
+        let line = raw_line.trim();
+
+        if line.is_empty() || line.starts_with('#') {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let vrp = parse_vrp_line(line)
+            .with_context(|| format!("invalid VRP line {}: {}", line_no, raw_line))?;
+
+        payloads.push(Payload::RouteOrigin(build_route_origin(vrp)?));
+    }
+
+    Ok(payloads)
+}
+
+/// 解析单行 VRP。
+///
+/// 格式：
+/// `prefix/prefix_len,max_len,asn`
+///
+/// 例如：
+/// `10.0.0.0/24,24,65001`
+pub fn parse_vrp_line(line: &str) -> Result<ParsedVrp> {
+    let parts: Vec<_> = line.split(',').map(|s| s.trim()).collect();
+    if parts.len() != 3 {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "expected format: <prefix>/<prefix_len>,<max_len>,<asn>"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let prefix_part = parts[0];
+    let max_len = u8::from_str(parts[1])
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid max_len: {}", parts[1]))?;
+    let asn = u32::from_str(parts[2])
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid asn: {}", parts[2]))?;
+
+    let (addr_str, prefix_len_str) = prefix_part
+        .split_once('/')
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("prefix must be in CIDR form, e.g. 10.0.0.0/24"))?;
+
+    let prefix_addr = IpAddr::from_str(addr_str.trim())
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid IP address: {}", addr_str))?;
+
+    let prefix_len = u8::from_str(prefix_len_str.trim())
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid prefix length: {}", prefix_len_str))?;
+
+    validate_vrp(prefix_addr, prefix_len, max_len)?;
+
+    Ok(ParsedVrp {
+        prefix_addr,
+        prefix_len,
+        max_len,
+        asn,
+    })
+}
+
+fn validate_vrp(prefix_addr: IpAddr, prefix_len: u8, max_len: u8) -> Result<()> {
+    match prefix_addr {
+        IpAddr::V4(_) => {
+            if prefix_len > 32 {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv4 prefix length must be <= 32"));
+            }
+            if max_len > 32 {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv4 max_len must be <= 32"));
+            }
+            if max_len < prefix_len {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv4 max_len must be >= prefix length"));
+            }
+        }
+        IpAddr::V6(_) => {
+            if prefix_len > 128 {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv6 prefix length must be <= 128"));
+            }
+            if max_len > 128 {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv6 max_len must be <= 128"));
+            }
+            if max_len < prefix_len {
+                return Err(anyhow!("IPv6 max_len must be >= prefix length"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn build_route_origin(vrp: ParsedVrp) -> Result<RouteOrigin> {
+    let address = match vrp.prefix_addr {
+        IpAddr::V4(addr) => IPAddress::from_ipv4(addr),
+        IpAddr::V6(addr) => IPAddress::from_ipv6(addr),
+    };
+
+    let prefix = IPAddressPrefix::new(address, vrp.prefix_len);
+    let asn = Asn::from(vrp.asn);
+
+    Ok(RouteOrigin::new(prefix, vrp.max_len, asn))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_ipv4_vrp_line() {
+        let got = parse_vrp_line("10.0.0.0/24,24,65001").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            got,
+            ParsedVrp {
+                prefix_addr: IpAddr::from_str("10.0.0.0").unwrap(),
+                prefix_len: 24,
+                max_len: 24,
+                asn: 65001,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_ipv6_vrp_line() {
+        let got = parse_vrp_line("2001:db8::/32,48,65003").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            got,
+            ParsedVrp {
+                prefix_addr: IpAddr::from_str("2001:db8::").unwrap(),
+                prefix_len: 32,
+                max_len: 48,
+                asn: 65003,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_rejects_invalid_max_len() {
+        let err = parse_vrp_line("10.0.0.0/24,16,65001").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("max_len"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_rejects_invalid_ip() {
+        let err = parse_vrp_line("10.0.0.999/24,24,65001").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid IP"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_rejects_invalid_format() {
+        let err = parse_vrp_line("10.0.0.0/24,24").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("expected format"));
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/mod.rs b/src/rtr/mod.rs
index 7062221..df72a99 100644
--- a/src/rtr/mod.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 pub mod pdu;
 pub mod cache;
 pub mod payload;
-mod store_db;
-mod session;
-mod error_type;
-mod state;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub mod store_db;
+pub mod session;
+pub mod error_type;
+pub mod state;
+pub mod server;
+pub mod loader;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/payload.rs b/src/rtr/payload.rs
index c80b271..42f24cc 100644
--- a/src/rtr/payload.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/payload.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use asn1_rs::nom::character::streaming::u64;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::data_model::resources::as_resources::Asn;
 use crate::data_model::resources::ip_resources::IPAddressPrefix;
 
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+enum PayloadPduType {
+    Ipv4Prefix = 4,
+    Ipv6Prefix = 6,
+    RouterKey = 9,
+    Aspa = 11,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Ski([u8; 20]);
 
 
@@ -19,6 +25,14 @@ pub struct RouteOrigin {
 }
 
 impl RouteOrigin {
+    pub fn new(prefix: IPAddressPrefix, max_length: u8, asn: Asn) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            prefix,
+            max_length,
+            asn,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn prefix(&self) -> &IPAddressPrefix {
         &self.prefix
     }
@@ -37,13 +51,29 @@ impl RouteOrigin {
 pub struct RouterKey {
     subject_key_identifier: Ski,
     asn: Asn,
-    subject_public_key_info: Arc<[u8]>,
+    subject_public_key_info: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 impl RouterKey {
+    pub fn new(subject_key_identifier: Ski, asn: Asn, subject_public_key_info: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            subject_key_identifier,
+            asn,
+            subject_public_key_info,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ski(&self) -> Ski {
+        self.subject_key_identifier
+    }
+
     pub fn asn(&self) -> Asn {
         self.asn
     }
+
+    pub fn spki(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.subject_public_key_info
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -53,6 +83,16 @@ pub struct Aspa {
 }
 
 impl Aspa {
+    pub fn new(customer_asn: Asn, mut provider_asns: Vec<Asn>) -> Self {
+        provider_asns.sort();
+        provider_asns.dedup();
+
+        Self {
+            customer_asn,
+            provider_asns,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn customer_asn(&self) -> Asn {
         self.customer_asn
     }
@@ -66,7 +106,7 @@ impl Aspa {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "arbitrary", derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
 pub enum Payload {
-    /// A route origin authorisation.
+    /// A route origin.
     RouteOrigin(RouteOrigin),
 
     /// A BGPsec router key.
@@ -91,6 +131,10 @@ pub struct Timing {
 }
 
 impl Timing {
+    pub const fn new(refresh: u32, retry: u32, expire: u32) -> Self {
+        Self { refresh, retry, expire }
+    }
+
     pub fn refresh(self) -> Duration {
         Duration::from_secs(u64::from(self.refresh))
     }
@@ -104,3 +148,13 @@ impl Timing {
     }
 
 }
+
+impl Default for Timing {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            refresh: 3600,
+            retry: 600,
+            expire: 7200,
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/pdu.rs b/src/rtr/pdu.rs
index c83accd..7edc1e1 100644
--- a/src/rtr/pdu.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/pdu.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 
 use std::slice;
 use anyhow::bail;
+use serde::Serialize;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
-pub const HEADER_LEN: u32 = 8;
+pub const HEADER_LEN: usize = 8;
 pub const MAX_PDU_LEN: u32 = 65535;
 pub const IPV4_PREFIX_LEN: u32 = 20;
 pub const IPV6_PREFIX_LEN: u32 = 32;
@@ -78,6 +79,10 @@ macro_rules! concrete {
                 self.header.session_id()
             }
 
+            pub fn pdu(&self) -> u8 {
+                self.header.pdu()
+            }
+
             /// Returns the PDU size.
             ///
             /// The size is returned as a `u32` since that type is used in
@@ -126,7 +131,7 @@ macro_rules! concrete {
             ) -> Result<Result<Self, Header>, io::Error> {
                 let mut res = Self::default();
                 sock.read_exact(res.header.as_mut()).await?;
-                if res.header.pdu() == Error::PDU {
+                if res.header.pdu() == ErrorReport::PDU {
                     // Since we should drop the session after an error, we
                     // can safely ignore all the rest of the error for now.
                     return Ok(Err(res.header))
@@ -183,7 +188,7 @@ macro_rules! concrete {
 
 // 所有PDU公共头部信息
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct Header {
     version: u8,
     pdu: u8,
@@ -203,36 +208,34 @@ impl Header {
         }
     }
 
-    pub async fn read(sock: &mut TcpStream) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub async fn read<S: AsyncRead + Unpin>(sock: &mut S) -> Result<Self, io::Error> {
         let mut buf = [0u8; HEADER_LEN];
-
-        // 1. 精确读取 8 字节
         sock.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
 
-        // 2. 手动解析（大端）
         let version = buf[0];
         let pdu = buf[1];
-        let reserved = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[2], buf[3]]);
-        let length = u32::from_be_bytes([
-            buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7],
-        ]);
+        let session_id = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[2], buf[3]]);
+        let length = u32::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7]]);
 
-        // 3. 基础合法性校验
-
-        if length < HEADER_LEN{
-            bail!("Invalid PDU length");
+        if length < HEADER_LEN as u32 {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+                "invalid PDU length",
+            ));
         }
 
-        // 限制最大长度
         if length > MAX_PDU_LEN {
-            bail!("PDU too large");
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+                "PDU too large",
+            ));
         }
 
         Ok(Self {
             version,
             pdu,
-            session_id: reserved,
-            length,
+            session_id: session_id.to_be(),
+            length: length.to_be(),
         })
     }
 
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ impl Header {
 common!(Header);
 
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct HeaderWithFlags {
     version: u8,
     pdu: u8,
@@ -294,7 +297,7 @@ impl HeaderWithFlags {
         ]);
 
         // 3. 基础合法性校验
-        if length < HEADER_LEN{
+        if length < HEADER_LEN as u32{
             bail!("Invalid PDU length");
         }
 
@@ -324,7 +327,7 @@ impl HeaderWithFlags {
 
 // Serial Notify
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct SerialNotify {
     header: Header,
     serial_number: u32,
@@ -340,13 +343,17 @@ impl SerialNotify {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn serial_number(self) -> u32 {
+        self.serial_number
+    }
+
 }
 concrete!(SerialNotify);
 
 
 // Serial Query
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct SerialQuery {
     header: Header,
     serial_number: u32,
@@ -372,7 +379,7 @@ concrete!(SerialQuery);
 
 // Reset Query
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct ResetQuery {
     header: Header
 }
@@ -382,7 +389,7 @@ impl ResetQuery {
 
     pub fn new(version: u8) -> Self {
         ResetQuery {
-            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, ZERO_16, HEADER_LEN),
+            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, ZERO_16, HEADER_LEN as u32),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -392,7 +399,7 @@ concrete!(ResetQuery);
 
 // Cache Response
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct CacheResponse {
     header: Header,
 }
@@ -402,7 +409,7 @@ impl CacheResponse {
 
     pub fn new(version: u8, session_id: u16) -> Self {
         CacheResponse {
-            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, session_id, HEADER_LEN),
+            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, session_id, HEADER_LEN as u32),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -411,7 +418,7 @@ concrete!(CacheResponse);
 
 
 // Flags
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct Flags(u8);
 
 impl Flags {
@@ -434,7 +441,7 @@ impl Flags {
 
 // IPv4 Prefix
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct IPv4Prefix {
     header: Header,
 
@@ -479,7 +486,7 @@ concrete!(IPv4Prefix);
 
 // IPv6 Prefix
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct IPv6Prefix {
     header: Header,
 
@@ -524,7 +531,7 @@ concrete!(IPv6Prefix);
 
 
 // End of Data
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub enum EndOfData {
     V0(EndOfDataV0),
     V1(EndOfDataV1),
@@ -544,7 +551,7 @@ impl EndOfData {
 }
 
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct EndOfDataV0 {
     header: Header,
 
@@ -567,7 +574,7 @@ concrete!(EndOfDataV0);
 
 
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct EndOfDataV1 {
     header: Header,
 
@@ -605,7 +612,7 @@ concrete!(EndOfDataV1);
 
 // Cache Reset
 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct CacheReset {
     header: Header,
 }
@@ -615,7 +622,7 @@ impl CacheReset {
 
     pub fn new(version: u8) -> Self{
         CacheReset {
-            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, ZERO_16, HEADER_LEN)
+            header: Header::new(version, Self::PDU, ZERO_16, HEADER_LEN as u32)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -624,7 +631,7 @@ concrete!(CacheReset);
 
 
 // Error Report
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct ErrorReport {
     octets: Vec<u8>,
 }
@@ -703,7 +710,7 @@ impl ErrorReport {
 
 // TODO: 补全
 // Router Key
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct RouterKey {
     header: HeaderWithFlags,
 
@@ -727,13 +734,13 @@ impl RouterKey {
             + 1                    // flags
             // + self.ski.as_ref().len()
             + 4                    // ASN
-            + self.subject_public_key_info.len() as u32;
+            + self.subject_public_key_info.len();
 
         let header = HeaderWithFlags::new(
             self.header.version(),
             Self::PDU,
             self.flags,
-            length,
+            length as u32,
         );
 
         w.write_all(&[
@@ -755,6 +762,7 @@ impl RouterKey {
 
 
 // ASPA
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct Aspa{
     header: HeaderWithFlags,
 
@@ -773,13 +781,13 @@ impl Aspa {
         let length = HEADER_LEN
             + 1
             + 4
-            + (self.provider_asns.len() as u32 * 4);
+            + (self.provider_asns.len() * 4);
 
         let header = HeaderWithFlags::new(
             self.header.version(),
             Self::PDU,
             Flags::new(self.header.flags),
-            length,
+            length as u32,
         );
 
         w.write_all(&[
@@ -836,7 +844,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(decoded.version(), 1);
         assert_eq!(decoded.session_id(), 42);
-        assert_eq!(decoded.serial_number, 100u32.to_be());
+        assert_eq!(decoded.serial_number(), 100u32.to_be());
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/config.rs b/src/rtr/server/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af46fe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RtrServiceConfig {
+    pub max_connections: usize,
+    pub notify_queue_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for RtrServiceConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_connections: 1024,
+            notify_queue_size: 1024,
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/connection.rs b/src/rtr/server/connection.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54870f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/connection.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch, OwnedSemaphorePermit};
+use tracing::error;
+
+use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
+
+use crate::rtr::cache::SharedRtrCache;
+use crate::rtr::session::RtrSession;
+
+pub struct ConnectionGuard {
+    active_connections: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    _permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
+}
+
+impl ConnectionGuard {
+    pub fn new(
+        active_connections: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        permit: OwnedSemaphorePermit,
+    ) -> Self {
+        active_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        Self {
+            active_connections,
+            _permit: permit,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ConnectionGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.active_connections.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn handle_tcp_connection(
+    cache: SharedRtrCache,
+    stream: TcpStream,
+    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
+    notify_rx: broadcast::Receiver<()>,
+    shutdown_rx: watch::Receiver<bool>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let session = RtrSession::new(cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+
+    if let Err(err) = session.run().await {
+        error!("RTR TCP session run failed for {}: {:?}", peer_addr, err);
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn handle_tls_connection(
+    cache: SharedRtrCache,
+    stream: TcpStream,
+    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
+    acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
+    notify_rx: broadcast::Receiver<()>,
+    shutdown_rx: watch::Receiver<bool>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let tls_stream = acceptor
+        .accept(stream)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("TLS handshake failed for {}", peer_addr))?;
+
+    let session = RtrSession::new(cache, tls_stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+
+    if let Err(err) = session.run().await {
+        error!("RTR TLS session run failed for {}: {:?}", peer_addr, err);
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/listener.rs b/src/rtr/server/listener.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77c30dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/listener.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::AtomicUsize,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch, Semaphore};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use rustls::ServerConfig;
+use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
+
+use crate::rtr::cache::SharedRtrCache;
+use crate::rtr::server::connection::{ConnectionGuard, handle_tcp_connection, handle_tls_connection};
+use crate::rtr::server::tls::load_rustls_server_config;
+
+pub struct RtrServer {
+    bind_addr: SocketAddr,
+    cache: SharedRtrCache,
+    notify_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+    shutdown_tx: watch::Sender<bool>,
+    connection_limiter: Arc<Semaphore>,
+    active_connections: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+}
+
+impl RtrServer {
+    pub fn new(
+        bind_addr: SocketAddr,
+        cache: SharedRtrCache,
+        notify_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+        shutdown_tx: watch::Sender<bool>,
+        connection_limiter: Arc<Semaphore>,
+        active_connections: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bind_addr,
+            cache,
+            notify_tx,
+            shutdown_tx,
+            connection_limiter,
+            active_connections,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind_addr(&self) -> SocketAddr {
+        self.bind_addr
+    }
+
+    pub fn cache(&self) -> SharedRtrCache {
+        self.cache.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_connections(&self) -> usize {
+        self.active_connections.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn run_tcp(self) -> Result<()> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind(self.bind_addr)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind TCP RTR server on {}", self.bind_addr))?;
+
+        let mut shutdown_rx = self.shutdown_tx.subscribe();
+
+        info!("RTR TCP server listening on {}", self.bind_addr);
+
+        loop {
+            tokio::select! {
+                changed = shutdown_rx.changed() => {
+                    match changed {
+                        Ok(()) => {
+                            if *shutdown_rx.borrow() {
+                                info!("RTR TCP listener {} shutting down", self.bind_addr);
+                                return Ok(());
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            info!("RTR TCP listener {} shutdown channel closed", self.bind_addr);
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                accept_res = listener.accept() => {
+                    let (stream, peer_addr) = match accept_res {
+                        Ok(v) => v,
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            warn!("RTR TCP accept failed: {}", err);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if let Err(err) = stream.set_nodelay(true) {
+                        warn!("failed to enable TCP_NODELAY for {}: {}", peer_addr, err);
+                    }
+
+                    let permit = match self.connection_limiter.clone().try_acquire_owned() {
+                        Ok(permit) => permit,
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            warn!(
+                                "RTR TCP connection rejected for {}: max connections reached ({})",
+                                peer_addr,
+                                self.connection_limiter.available_permits()
+                            );
+                            drop(stream);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let cache = self.cache.clone();
+                    let notify_rx = self.notify_tx.subscribe();
+                    let shutdown_rx = self.shutdown_tx.subscribe();
+                    let active_connections = self.active_connections.clone();
+
+                    info!("RTR TCP client connected: {}", peer_addr);
+
+                    tokio::spawn(async move {
+                        let _guard = ConnectionGuard::new(active_connections, permit);
+                        if let Err(err) =
+                            handle_tcp_connection(cache, stream, peer_addr, notify_rx, shutdown_rx).await
+                        {
+                            warn!("RTR TCP session {} ended with error: {:?}", peer_addr, err);
+                        } else {
+                            info!("RTR TCP session {} closed", peer_addr);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn run_tls_from_pem(
+        self,
+        cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        key_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let tls_config = Arc::new(load_rustls_server_config(cert_path, key_path)?);
+        self.run_tls(tls_config).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn run_tls(self, tls_config: Arc<ServerConfig>) -> Result<()> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind(self.bind_addr)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind TLS RTR server on {}", self.bind_addr))?;
+
+        let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(tls_config);
+        let mut shutdown_rx = self.shutdown_tx.subscribe();
+
+        info!("RTR TLS server listening on {}", self.bind_addr);
+
+        loop {
+            tokio::select! {
+                changed = shutdown_rx.changed() => {
+                    match changed {
+                        Ok(()) => {
+                            if *shutdown_rx.borrow() {
+                                info!("RTR TLS listener {} shutting down", self.bind_addr);
+                                return Ok(());
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            info!("RTR TLS listener {} shutdown channel closed", self.bind_addr);
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                accept_res = listener.accept() => {
+                    let (stream, peer_addr) = match accept_res {
+                        Ok(v) => v,
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            warn!("RTR TLS accept failed: {}", err);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if let Err(err) = stream.set_nodelay(true) {
+                        warn!("failed to enable TCP_NODELAY for {}: {}", peer_addr, err);
+                    }
+
+                    let permit = match self.connection_limiter.clone().try_acquire_owned() {
+                        Ok(permit) => permit,
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            warn!("RTR TLS connection rejected for {}: max connections reached", peer_addr);
+                            drop(stream);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let cache = self.cache.clone();
+                    let acceptor = acceptor.clone();
+                    let notify_rx = self.notify_tx.subscribe();
+                    let shutdown_rx = self.shutdown_tx.subscribe();
+                    let active_connections = self.active_connections.clone();
+
+                    info!("RTR TLS client connected: {}", peer_addr);
+
+                    tokio::spawn(async move {
+                        let _guard = ConnectionGuard::new(active_connections, permit);
+                        if let Err(err) = handle_tls_connection(
+                            cache,
+                            stream,
+                            peer_addr,
+                            acceptor,
+                            notify_rx,
+                            shutdown_rx,
+                        ).await {
+                            warn!("RTR TLS session {} ended with error: {:?}", peer_addr, err);
+                        } else {
+                            info!("RTR TLS session {} closed", peer_addr);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/mod.rs b/src/rtr/server/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d833af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+pub mod config;
+pub mod connection;
+pub mod listener;
+pub mod notifier;
+pub mod service;
+pub mod tls;
+
+pub use config::RtrServiceConfig;
+pub use listener::RtrServer;
+pub use notifier::RtrNotifier;
+pub use service::{RtrService, RunningRtrService};
+pub use tls::load_rustls_server_config;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/notifier.rs b/src/rtr/server/notifier.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..208b18e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/notifier.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use tokio::sync::broadcast;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RtrNotifier {
+    tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+}
+
+impl RtrNotifier {
+    pub fn new(tx: broadcast::Sender<()>) -> Self {
+        Self { tx }
+    }
+
+    pub fn notify_cache_updated(&self) {
+        let _ = self.tx.send(());
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/service.rs b/src/rtr/server/service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..275a94a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch, Semaphore};
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tracing::error;
+
+use crate::rtr::cache::SharedRtrCache;
+use crate::rtr::server::config::RtrServiceConfig;
+use crate::rtr::server::listener::RtrServer;
+use crate::rtr::server::notifier::RtrNotifier;
+
+pub struct RtrService {
+    cache: SharedRtrCache,
+    notify_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+    shutdown_tx: watch::Sender<bool>,
+    connection_limiter: Arc<Semaphore>,
+    active_connections: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    config: RtrServiceConfig,
+}
+
+impl RtrService {
+    pub fn new(cache: SharedRtrCache) -> Self {
+        Self::with_config(cache, RtrServiceConfig::default())
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_config(cache: SharedRtrCache, config: RtrServiceConfig) -> Self {
+        let (notify_tx, _) = broadcast::channel(config.notify_queue_size);
+        let (shutdown_tx, _) = watch::channel(false);
+
+        Self {
+            cache,
+            notify_tx,
+            shutdown_tx,
+            connection_limiter: Arc::new(Semaphore::new(config.max_connections)),
+            active_connections: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
+            config,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn cache(&self) -> SharedRtrCache {
+        self.cache.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn notifier(&self) -> RtrNotifier {
+        RtrNotifier::new(self.notify_tx.clone())
+    }
+
+    pub fn notify_cache_updated(&self) {
+        let _ = self.notify_tx.send(());
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_connections(&self) -> usize {
+        self.active_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_connections(&self) -> usize {
+        self.config.max_connections
+    }
+
+    pub fn tcp_server(&self, bind_addr: SocketAddr) -> RtrServer {
+        RtrServer::new(
+            bind_addr,
+            self.cache.clone(),
+            self.notify_tx.clone(),
+            self.shutdown_tx.clone(),
+            self.connection_limiter.clone(),
+            self.active_connections.clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn tls_server(&self, bind_addr: SocketAddr) -> RtrServer {
+        RtrServer::new(
+            bind_addr,
+            self.cache.clone(),
+            self.notify_tx.clone(),
+            self.shutdown_tx.clone(),
+            self.connection_limiter.clone(),
+            self.active_connections.clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn_tcp(&self, bind_addr: SocketAddr) -> JoinHandle<()> {
+        let server = self.tcp_server(bind_addr);
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            if let Err(err) = server.run_tcp().await {
+                error!("RTR TCP server {} exited with error: {:?}", bind_addr, err);
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn_tls_from_pem(
+        &self,
+        bind_addr: SocketAddr,
+        cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        key_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> JoinHandle<()> {
+        let cert_path = cert_path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        let key_path = key_path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        let server = self.tls_server(bind_addr);
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            if let Err(err) = server.run_tls_from_pem(cert_path, key_path).await {
+                error!("RTR TLS server {} exited with error: {:?}", bind_addr, err);
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn_tcp_and_tls_from_pem(
+        &self,
+        tcp_bind_addr: SocketAddr,
+        tls_bind_addr: SocketAddr,
+        cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        key_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> RunningRtrService {
+        let tcp_handle = self.spawn_tcp(tcp_bind_addr);
+        let tls_handle = self.spawn_tls_from_pem(tls_bind_addr, cert_path, key_path);
+
+        RunningRtrService {
+            shutdown_tx: self.shutdown_tx.clone(),
+            handles: vec![tcp_handle, tls_handle],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn_tcp_only(&self, tcp_bind_addr: SocketAddr) -> RunningRtrService {
+        let tcp_handle = self.spawn_tcp(tcp_bind_addr);
+
+        RunningRtrService {
+            shutdown_tx: self.shutdown_tx.clone(),
+            handles: vec![tcp_handle],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RunningRtrService {
+    shutdown_tx: watch::Sender<bool>,
+    handles: Vec<JoinHandle<()>>,
+}
+
+impl RunningRtrService {
+    pub fn shutdown(&self) {
+        let _ = self.shutdown_tx.send(true);
+    }
+
+    pub async fn wait(self) {
+        for handle in self.handles {
+            let _ = handle.await;
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/server/tls.rs b/src/rtr/server/tls.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e178bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rtr/server/tls.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufReader;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use rustls::ServerConfig;
+use rustls_pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer};
+
+pub fn load_rustls_server_config(
+    cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    key_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+) -> Result<ServerConfig> {
+    let cert_path: PathBuf = cert_path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    let key_path: PathBuf = key_path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+
+    let certs = load_certs(&cert_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load certs from {}", cert_path.display()))?;
+
+    let key = load_private_key(&key_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load private key from {}", key_path.display()))?;
+
+    let config = ServerConfig::builder()
+        .with_no_client_auth()
+        .with_single_cert(certs, key)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("invalid certificate/key pair: {}", e))?;
+
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+fn load_certs(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<CertificateDer<'static>>> {
+    let file = File::open(path)?;
+    let mut reader = BufReader::new(file);
+
+    let certs = rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut reader)
+        .collect::<std::result::Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("no certificates found in {}", path.display()));
+    }
+
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+fn load_private_key(path: &Path) -> Result<PrivateKeyDer<'static>> {
+    let file = File::open(path)?;
+    let mut reader = BufReader::new(file);
+
+    let key = rustls_pemfile::private_key(&mut reader)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("no private key found in {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(key)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/session.rs b/src/rtr/session.rs
index 05892a3..500b42b 100644
--- a/src/rtr/session.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/session.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use tokio::io;
-use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch};
 use tracing::warn;
 
-use crate::rtr::cache::{Delta, RtrCache, SerialResult};
+use crate::data_model::resources::ip_resources::IPAddress;
+use crate::rtr::cache::{Delta, SerialResult, SharedRtrCache};
 use crate::rtr::error_type::ErrorCode;
-use crate::rtr::payload::{Payload, RouteOrigin, Timing};
+use crate::rtr::payload::{Payload, RouteOrigin};
 use crate::rtr::pdu::{
     CacheReset, CacheResponse, EndOfData, ErrorReport, Flags, Header, IPv4Prefix, IPv6Prefix,
-    ResetQuery, SerialQuery,
+    ResetQuery, SerialNotify, SerialQuery,
 };
 
 const SUPPORTED_MAX_VERSION: u8 = 2;
@@ -26,59 +26,116 @@ enum SessionState {
     Closed,
 }
 
-pub struct RtrSession {
-    cache: Arc<RtrCache>,
+pub struct RtrSession<S> {
+    cache: SharedRtrCache,
     version: Option<u8>,
-    stream: TcpStream,
+    stream: S,
     state: SessionState,
+    notify_rx: broadcast::Receiver<()>,
+    shutdown_rx: watch::Receiver<bool>,
 }
 
-impl RtrSession {
-    pub fn new(cache: Arc<RtrCache>, stream: TcpStream) -> Self {
+impl<S> RtrSession<S>
+where
+    S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        cache: SharedRtrCache,
+        stream: S,
+        notify_rx: broadcast::Receiver<()>,
+        shutdown_rx: watch::Receiver<bool>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             cache,
             version: None,
             stream,
             state: SessionState::Connected,
+            notify_rx,
+            shutdown_rx,
         }
     }
 
     pub async fn run(mut self) -> Result<()> {
         loop {
-            let header = match Header::read(&mut self.stream).await {
-                Ok(h) => h,
-                Err(_) => return Ok(()),
-            };
-
-            if self.version.is_none() {
-                self.negotiate_version(header.version()).await?;
-            } else if header.version() != self.version.unwrap() {
-                self.send_unsupported_version(self.version.unwrap()).await?;
-                bail!("version changed within session");
+            tokio::select! {
+            changed = self.shutdown_rx.changed() => {
+                match changed {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        if *self.shutdown_rx.borrow() {
+                            self.state = SessionState::Closed;
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        // shutdown sender dropped，按关闭处理
+                        self.state = SessionState::Closed;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                }
             }
 
-            match header.pdu() {
-                ResetQuery::PDU => {
-                    let _ = ResetQuery::read_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await?;
-                    self.handle_reset_query().await?;
-                }
-                SerialQuery::PDU => {
-                    let query = SerialQuery::read_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await?;
-                    let session_id = query.session_id();
-                    let serial = u32::from_be(query.serial_number());
-                    self.handle_serial(session_id, serial).await?;
-                }
-                ErrorReport::PDU => {
-                    let _ = ErrorReport::skip_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await;
+            header_res = Header::read(&mut self.stream) => {
+                let header = match header_res {
+                    Ok(h) => h,
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        self.state = SessionState::Closed;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                };
+
+                if self.version.is_none() {
+                    self.negotiate_version(header.version()).await?;
+                } else if header.version() != self.version.unwrap() {
+                    self.send_unsupported_version(self.version.unwrap()).await?;
                     self.state = SessionState::Closed;
-                    return Ok(());
+                    bail!("version changed within session");
                 }
-                _ => {
-                    self.send_error(header.version(), ErrorCode::UnsupportedPduType, Some(&header), &[])
+
+                match header.pdu() {
+                    ResetQuery::PDU => {
+                        let _ = ResetQuery::read_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await?;
+                        self.handle_reset_query().await?;
+                    }
+                    SerialQuery::PDU => {
+                        let query = SerialQuery::read_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await?;
+                        let session_id = query.session_id();
+                        let serial = u32::from_be(query.serial_number());
+                        self.handle_serial(session_id, serial).await?;
+                    }
+                    ErrorReport::PDU => {
+                        let _ = ErrorReport::skip_payload(header, &mut self.stream).await;
+                        self.state = SessionState::Closed;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.send_error(
+                            header.version(),
+                            ErrorCode::UnsupportedPduType,
+                            Some(&header),
+                            &[],
+                        )
                         .await?;
-                    return Ok(());
+                        self.state = SessionState::Closed;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
                 }
             }
+
+            notify_res = self.notify_rx.recv(),
+            if self.state == SessionState::Established && self.version.is_some() => {
+                match notify_res {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        self.handle_notify().await?;
+                    }
+                    Err(broadcast::error::RecvError::Lagged(_)) => {
+                        self.handle_notify().await?;
+                    }
+                    Err(broadcast::error::RecvError::Closed) => {
+                        // notify 通道关闭，不影响已有会话，继续跑，真正关闭由 shutdown_rx 控制
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
         }
     }
 
@@ -110,38 +167,70 @@ impl RtrSession {
             &[],
             ErrorCode::UnsupportedProtocolVersion.description(),
         )
-        .write(&mut self.stream)
-        .await
+            .write(&mut self.stream)
+            .await
     }
 
     async fn handle_reset_query(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let (payloads, session_id, serial) = {
+            let cache = self
+                .cache
+                .read()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+            let snapshot = cache.snapshot();
+            let payloads = snapshot.payloads_for_rtr();
+            let session_id = cache.session_id();
+            let serial = cache.serial();
+            (payloads, session_id, serial)
+        };
+
+        self.write_cache_response(session_id).await?;
+        self.send_payloads(&payloads, true).await?;
+        self.write_end_of_data(session_id, serial).await?;
+
         self.state = SessionState::Established;
-
-        let snapshot = self.cache.snapshot();
-        self.write_cache_response().await?;
-        self.send_payloads(snapshot.payloads(), true).await?;
-        self.write_end_of_data(self.cache.session_id(), self.cache.serial())
-            .await?;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn handle_serial(&mut self, client_session: u16, client_serial: u32) -> Result<()> {
-        let current_session = self.cache.session_id();
-        let current_serial = self.cache.serial();
+        let serial_result = {
+            let cache = self
+                .cache
+                .read()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+            cache.get_deltas_since(client_session, client_serial)
+        };
 
-        match self.cache.get_deltas_since(client_session, client_serial) {
+        match serial_result {
             SerialResult::ResetRequired => {
                 self.write_cache_reset().await?;
+                self.state = SessionState::Established;
                 return Ok(());
             }
             SerialResult::UpToDate => {
+                let (current_session, current_serial) = {
+                    let cache = self
+                        .cache
+                        .read()
+                        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+                    (cache.session_id(), cache.serial())
+                };
+
                 self.write_end_of_data(current_session, current_serial)
                     .await?;
+                self.state = SessionState::Established;
                 return Ok(());
             }
             SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
-                self.write_cache_response().await?;
+                let (current_session, current_serial) = {
+                    let cache = self
+                        .cache
+                        .read()
+                        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+                    (cache.session_id(), cache.serial())
+                };
+
+                self.write_cache_response(current_session).await?;
                 for delta in deltas {
                     self.send_delta(&delta).await?;
                 }
@@ -154,32 +243,55 @@ impl RtrSession {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn write_cache_response(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let version = self.version.ok_or_else(|| {
-            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "version not negotiated")
-        })?;
+    async fn handle_notify(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let (session_id, serial) = {
+            let cache = self
+                .cache
+                .read()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+            (cache.session_id(), cache.serial())
+        };
 
-        CacheResponse::new(version, self.cache.session_id())
+        self.send_serial_notify(session_id, serial).await
+    }
+
+    fn version(&self) -> io::Result<u8> {
+        self.version
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "version not negotiated"))
+    }
+
+    async fn send_serial_notify(&mut self, session_id: u16, serial: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let version = self.version()?;
+        SerialNotify::new(version, session_id, serial)
+            .write(&mut self.stream)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn write_cache_response(&mut self, session_id: u16) -> Result<()> {
+        let version = self.version()?;
+        CacheResponse::new(version, session_id)
             .write(&mut self.stream)
             .await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn write_cache_reset(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let version = self.version.ok_or_else(|| {
-            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "version not negotiated")
-        })?;
-
+        let version = self.version()?;
         CacheReset::new(version).write(&mut self.stream).await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn write_end_of_data(&mut self, session_id: u16, serial: u32) -> Result<()> {
-        let version = self.version.ok_or_else(|| {
-            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "version not negotiated")
-        })?;
+        let version = self.version()?;
+        let timing = {
+            let cache = self
+                .cache
+                .read()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("cache read lock poisoned"))?;
+            cache.timing()
+        };
 
-        let timing = self.timing();
         let end = EndOfData::new(version, session_id, serial, timing);
         match end {
             EndOfData::V0(pdu) => pdu.write(&mut self.stream).await?,
@@ -189,20 +301,20 @@ impl RtrSession {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn send_payloads(&mut self, payloads: Vec<Payload>, announce: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn send_payloads(&mut self, payloads: &[Payload], announce: bool) -> Result<()> {
         for payload in payloads {
-            self.send_payload(&payload, announce).await?;
+            self.send_payload(payload, announce).await?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn send_delta(&mut self, delta: &Arc<Delta>) -> Result<()> {
-        for payload in delta.withdrawn() {
-            self.send_payload(payload, false).await?;
-        }
+    async fn send_delta(&mut self, delta: &Delta) -> Result<()> {
         for payload in delta.announced() {
             self.send_payload(payload, true).await?;
         }
+        for payload in delta.withdrawn() {
+            self.send_payload(payload, false).await?;
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -222,9 +334,7 @@ impl RtrSession {
     }
 
     async fn send_route_origin(&mut self, origin: &RouteOrigin, announce: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        let version = self.version.ok_or_else(|| {
-            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "version not negotiated")
-        })?;
+        let version = self.version()?;
 
         let flags = Flags::new(if announce {
             ANNOUNCE_FLAG
@@ -236,15 +346,17 @@ impl RtrSession {
         let prefix_len = prefix.prefix_length;
         let max_len = origin.max_length();
 
-        if let Some(v4) = prefix.address.to_ipv4() {
-            IPv4Prefix::new(version, flags, prefix_len, max_len, v4, origin.asn())
-                .write(&mut self.stream)
-                .await?;
-        } else {
-            let v6 = prefix.address.to_ipv6();
-            IPv6Prefix::new(version, flags, prefix_len, max_len, v6, origin.asn())
-                .write(&mut self.stream)
-                .await?;
+        match prefix.address {
+            IPAddress::V4(v4) => {
+                IPv4Prefix::new(version, flags, prefix_len, max_len, v4, origin.asn())
+                    .write(&mut self.stream)
+                    .await?;
+            }
+            IPAddress::V6(v6) => {
+                IPv6Prefix::new(version, flags, prefix_len, max_len, v6, origin.asn())
+                    .write(&mut self.stream)
+                    .await?;
+            }
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -257,24 +369,10 @@ impl RtrSession {
         offending_header: Option<&Header>,
         text: &[u8],
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let offending = offending_header
-            .map(|h| h.as_ref())
-            .unwrap_or(&[]);
+        let offending = offending_header.map(|h| h.as_ref()).unwrap_or(&[]);
 
         ErrorReport::new(version, code.as_u16(), offending, text)
             .write(&mut self.stream)
             .await
     }
-
-    fn timing(&self) -> Timing {
-        let refresh = self.cache.refresh_interval().as_secs();
-        let retry = self.cache.retry_interval().as_secs();
-        let expire = self.cache.expire_interval().as_secs();
-
-        Timing {
-            refresh: refresh.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
-            retry: retry.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
-            expire: expire.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
-        }
-    }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rtr/store_db.rs b/src/rtr/store_db.rs
index e8f6400..e824032 100644
--- a/src/rtr/store_db.rs
+++ b/src/rtr/store_db.rs
@@ -274,20 +274,30 @@ impl RtrStore {
     }
 
     pub fn load_deltas_since(&self, serial: u32) -> Result<Vec<Delta>> {
-        let cf_handle = self.db.cf_handle(CF_DELTA).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("CF_DELTA not found"))?;
-        let mut out = Vec::new();
-        let start_key = delta_key(serial.wrapping_add(1));
-
-        let iter = self
+        let cf_handle = self
             .db
-            .iterator_cf(cf_handle, IteratorMode::From(&start_key, Direction::Forward));
+            .cf_handle(CF_DELTA)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("CF_DELTA not found"))?;
+
+        let start_key = delta_key(serial.wrapping_add(1));
+        let iter = self.db.iterator_cf(
+            cf_handle,
+            IteratorMode::From(&start_key, Direction::Forward),
+        );
+
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+        for item in iter {
+            let (key, value) = item.map_err(|e| anyhow!("rocksdb iterator error: {}", e))?;
+
+            let parsed = delta_key_serial(key.as_ref())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Invalid delta key"))?;
 
-        for (key, value) in iter {
-            let parsed = delta_key_serial(&key).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Invalid delta key"))?;
             if parsed <= serial {
                 continue;
             }
-            let delta: Delta = serde_json::from_slice(&value)?;
+
+            let delta: Delta = serde_json::from_slice(value.as_ref())?;
             out.push(delta);
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7e5207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod test_helper;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/test_helper.rs b/tests/common/test_helper.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ac9cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/test_helper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+
+use rpki::data_model::resources::ip_resources::{IPAddress, IPAddressPrefix};
+use rpki::rtr::payload::{Payload, RouteOrigin};
+use rpki::rtr::pdu::{CacheResponse, EndOfDataV1, IPv4Prefix, IPv6Prefix};
+use rpki::rtr::cache::SerialResult;
+
+pub struct RtrDebugDumper {
+    entries: Vec<Value>,
+}
+
+impl RtrDebugDumper {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { entries: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push<T: serde::Serialize>(&mut self, pdu: u8, body: &T) {
+        self.entries.push(json!({
+            "pdu": pdu,
+            "pdu_name": pdu_type_name(pdu),
+            "body": body
+        }));
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_value(&mut self, pdu: u8, body: Value) {
+        self.entries.push(json!({
+            "pdu": pdu,
+            "pdu_name": pdu_type_name(pdu),
+            "body": body
+        }));
+    }
+
+    pub fn print_pretty(&self, test_name: &str) {
+        println!(
+            "\n===== RTR Debug Dump: {} =====\n{}\n",
+            test_name,
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&self.entries).unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn pdu_type_name(pdu: u8) -> &'static str {
+    match pdu {
+        0 => "Serial Notify",
+        1 => "Serial Query",
+        2 => "Reset Query",
+        3 => "Cache Response",
+        4 => "IPv4 Prefix",
+        6 => "IPv6 Prefix",
+        7 => "End of Data",
+        8 => "Cache Reset",
+        9 => "Router Key",
+        10 => "Error Report",
+        11 => "ASPA",
+        255 => "Reserved",
+        _ => "Unknown",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn dump_cache_response(resp: &CacheResponse) -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "header": {
+            "version": resp.version(),
+            "pdu": resp.pdu(),
+            "session_id": resp.session_id(),
+            "length": 8
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn dump_ipv4_prefix(p: &IPv4Prefix) -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "header": {
+            "version": p.version(),
+            "pdu": p.pdu(),
+            "session_id": 0,
+            "length": 20
+        },
+        "flags": {
+            "raw": if p.flag().is_announce() { 1 } else { 0 },
+            "announce": p.flag().is_announce()
+        },
+        "prefix": p.prefix().to_string(),
+        "prefix_len": p.prefix_len(),
+        "max_len": p.max_len(),
+        "asn": p.asn().into_u32()
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn dump_ipv6_prefix(p: &IPv6Prefix) -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "header": {
+            "version": p.version(),
+            "pdu": p.pdu(),
+            "session_id": 0,
+            "length": 32
+        },
+        "flags": {
+            "raw": if p.flag().is_announce() { 1 } else { 0 },
+            "announce": p.flag().is_announce()
+        },
+        "prefix": p.prefix().to_string(),
+        "prefix_len": p.prefix_len(),
+        "max_len": p.max_len(),
+        "asn": p.asn().into_u32()
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn dump_eod_v1(eod: &EndOfDataV1) -> Value {
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    json!({
+        "header": {
+            "version": eod.version(),
+            "pdu": eod.pdu(),
+            "session_id": eod.session_id(),
+            "length": 24
+        },
+        "serial_number": eod.serial_number(),
+        "refresh_interval": timing.refresh,
+        "retry_interval": timing.retry,
+        "expire_interval": timing.expire
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn dump_cache_reset(version: u8, pdu: u8) -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "header": {
+            "version": version,
+            "pdu": pdu,
+            "session_id": 0,
+            "length": 8
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn v4_prefix(a: u8, b: u8, c: u8, d: u8, prefix_len: u8) -> IPAddressPrefix {
+    IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(a, b, c, d)),
+        prefix_length: prefix_len,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn v6_prefix(addr: Ipv6Addr, prefix_len: u8) -> IPAddressPrefix {
+    IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv6(addr),
+        prefix_length: prefix_len,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn v4_origin(
+    a: u8,
+    b: u8,
+    c: u8,
+    d: u8,
+    prefix_len: u8,
+    max_len: u8,
+    asn: u32,
+) -> RouteOrigin {
+    let prefix = v4_prefix(a, b, c, d, prefix_len);
+    RouteOrigin::new(prefix, max_len, asn.into())
+}
+
+pub fn v6_origin(
+    addr: Ipv6Addr,
+    prefix_len: u8,
+    max_len: u8,
+    asn: u32,
+) -> RouteOrigin {
+    let prefix = v6_prefix(addr, prefix_len);
+    RouteOrigin::new(prefix, max_len, asn.into())
+}
+
+pub fn as_route_origin(payload: &Payload) -> &RouteOrigin {
+    match payload {
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => ro,
+        _ => panic!("expected RouteOrigin payload"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn as_v4_route_origin(payload: &Payload) -> &RouteOrigin {
+    let ro = as_route_origin(payload);
+    assert!(ro.prefix().address.is_ipv4(), "expected IPv4 RouteOrigin");
+    ro
+}
+
+pub fn as_v6_route_origin(payload: &Payload) -> &RouteOrigin {
+    let ro = as_route_origin(payload);
+    assert!(ro.prefix().address.is_ipv6(), "expected IPv6 RouteOrigin");
+    ro
+}
+
+pub fn route_origin_to_string(ro: &RouteOrigin) -> String {
+    let prefix = ro.prefix();
+    let addr = match prefix.address {
+        IPAddress::V4(v4) => v4.to_string(),
+        IPAddress::V6(v6) => v6.to_string(),
+    };
+
+    format!(
+        "{}/{}-{} AS{}",
+        addr,
+        prefix.prefix_length,
+        ro.max_length(),
+        ro.asn().into_u32()
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn payload_to_string(payload: &Payload) -> String {
+    match payload {
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => format!("RouteOrigin({})", route_origin_to_string(ro)),
+        Payload::RouterKey(_) => "RouterKey(...)".to_string(),
+        Payload::Aspa(_) => "Aspa(...)".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn payloads_to_pretty_lines(payloads: &[Payload]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for (idx, payload) in payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+        let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  [{}] {}", idx, payload_to_string(payload));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn print_payloads(label: &str, payloads: &[Payload]) {
+    println!(
+        "\n===== {} =====\n{}",
+        label,
+        payloads_to_pretty_lines(payloads)
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn serial_result_to_string(result: &SerialResult) -> String {
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::UpToDate => "UpToDate".to_string(),
+        SerialResult::ResetRequired => "ResetRequired".to_string(),
+        SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
+            let serials: Vec<u32> = deltas.iter().map(|d| d.serial()).collect();
+            format!("Deltas {:?}", serials)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn print_serial_result(label: &str, result: &SerialResult) {
+    println!("\n===== {} =====\n{}\n", label, serial_result_to_string(result));
+}
+
+pub fn bytes_to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2);
+    for b in bytes {
+        let _ = write!(&mut out, "{:02x}", b);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn print_snapshot_hashes(label: &str, snapshot: &rpki::rtr::cache::Snapshot) {
+    println!(
+        "\n===== {} =====\norigins_hash={}\nrouter_keys_hash={}\naspas_hash={}\nsnapshot_hash={}\n",
+        label,
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.origins_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.router_keys_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.aspas_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.snapshot_hash()),
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn test_report(
+    name: &str,
+    purpose: &str,
+    input: &str,
+    output: &str,
+) {
+    println!(
+        "\n==================== TEST REPORT ====================\n测试名称: {}\n测试目的: {}\n\n【输入】\n{}\n【输出】\n{}\n====================================================\n",
+        name, purpose, input, output
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn payloads_to_string(payloads: &[Payload]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for (idx, payload) in payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+        let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  [{}] {}", idx, payload_to_string(payload));
+    }
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        out.push_str("  <empty>\n");
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn snapshot_hashes_to_string(snapshot: &rpki::rtr::cache::Snapshot) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "  origins_hash: {}\n  router_keys_hash: {}\n  aspas_hash: {}\n  snapshot_hash: {}\n",
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.origins_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.router_keys_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.aspas_hash()),
+        bytes_to_hex(&snapshot.snapshot_hash()),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn serial_result_detail_to_string(result: &rpki::rtr::cache::SerialResult) -> String {
+    match result {
+        rpki::rtr::cache::SerialResult::UpToDate => {
+            "  result: UpToDate\n".to_string()
+        }
+        rpki::rtr::cache::SerialResult::ResetRequired => {
+            "  result: ResetRequired\n".to_string()
+        }
+        rpki::rtr::cache::SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
+            let mut out = String::new();
+            let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  result: Deltas");
+            for (idx, delta) in deltas.iter().enumerate() {
+                let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  delta[{}].serial: {}", idx, delta.serial());
+                let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  delta[{}].announced:", idx);
+                out.push_str(&indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.announced()), 4));
+                let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "  delta[{}].withdrawn:", idx);
+                out.push_str(&indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.withdrawn()), 4));
+            }
+            out
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn indent_block(text: &str, spaces: usize) -> String {
+    let pad = " ".repeat(spaces);
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for line in text.lines() {
+        let _ = writeln!(&mut out, "{}{}", pad, line);
+    }
+    out
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_cache.rs b/tests/test_cache.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..013c9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_cache.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+mod common;
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common::test_helper::{
+    as_route_origin, as_v4_route_origin, indent_block, payloads_to_string,
+    serial_result_detail_to_string, snapshot_hashes_to_string, test_report, v4_origin, v6_origin,
+};
+
+use rpki::rtr::cache::{Delta, RtrCacheBuilder, SerialResult, Snapshot};
+use rpki::rtr::payload::{Payload, Timing};
+use rpki::rtr::store_db::RtrStore;
+
+fn delta_to_string(delta: &Delta) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "serial: {}\nannounced:\n{}withdrawn:\n{}",
+        delta.serial(),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.announced()), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.withdrawn()), 2),
+    )
+}
+
+fn deltas_window_to_string(deltas: &VecDeque<Arc<Delta>>) -> String {
+    if deltas.is_empty() {
+        return "  <empty>\n".to_string();
+    }
+
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for (idx, delta) in deltas.iter().enumerate() {
+        out.push_str(&format!("delta[{}]:\n", idx));
+        out.push_str(&indent_block(&delta_to_string(delta), 2));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn get_deltas_since_input_to_string(
+    cache_session_id: u16,
+    cache_serial: u32,
+    client_session: u16,
+    client_serial: u32,
+) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "cache.session_id: {}\ncache.serial: {}\nclient_session: {}\nclient_serial: {}\n",
+        cache_session_id, cache_serial, client_session, client_serial
+    )
+}
+
+fn snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(snapshot: &Snapshot) -> String {
+    let payloads = snapshot.payloads_for_rtr();
+    format!(
+        "hashes:\n{}sorted payloads_for_rtr:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_to_string(snapshot), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&payloads), 2),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_hash_is_stable_for_same_content_with_different_input_order() {
+    let a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+    let c = v6_origin(
+        Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+        32,
+        48,
+        64498,
+    );
+
+    let s1_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(b.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(c.clone()),
+    ];
+    let s2_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(c),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(a),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(b),
+    ];
+
+    let s1 = Snapshot::from_payloads(s1_input.clone());
+    let s2 = Snapshot::from_payloads(s2_input.clone());
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "s1 原始输入 payloads:\n{}\ns2 原始输入 payloads:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&s1_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&s2_input), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "s1:\n{}\ns2:\n{}\n结论:\n  same_content: {}\n  same_origins: {}\n  snapshot_hash 相同: {}\n  origins_hash 相同: {}\n",
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&s1), 2),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&s2), 2),
+        s1.same_content(&s2),
+        s1.same_origins(&s2),
+        s1.snapshot_hash() == s2.snapshot_hash(),
+        s1.origins_hash() == s2.origins_hash(),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "snapshot_hash_is_stable_for_same_content_with_different_input_order",
+        "验证相同语义内容即使原始输入顺序不同，Snapshot 的 hash 仍然稳定一致。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(s1.same_content(&s2));
+    assert!(s1.same_origins(&s2));
+    assert_eq!(s1.snapshot_hash(), s2.snapshot_hash());
+    assert_eq!(s1.origins_hash(), s2.origins_hash());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_diff_reports_announced_and_withdrawn_correctly() {
+    let old_a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let old_b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+    let new_c = v6_origin(
+        Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+        48,
+        48,
+        64499,
+    );
+
+    let old_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone()),
+    ];
+    let new_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(new_c.clone()),
+    ];
+
+    let old_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(old_input.clone());
+    let new_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(new_input.clone());
+
+    let (announced, withdrawn) = old_snapshot.diff(&new_snapshot);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "old_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}\nnew_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&old_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&new_input), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "announced:\n{}withdrawn:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&announced), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&withdrawn), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "snapshot_diff_reports_announced_and_withdrawn_correctly",
+        "验证 diff() 能正确找出 announced 和 withdrawn 的 payload。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(announced.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(withdrawn.len(), 1);
+
+    match &announced[0] {
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &new_c),
+        _ => panic!("expected announced RouteOrigin"),
+    }
+
+    match &withdrawn[0] {
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &old_a),
+        _ => panic!("expected withdrawn RouteOrigin"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_payloads_for_rtr_sorts_ipv4_before_ipv6_and_ipv4_announcements_descending() {
+    let v4_low = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let v4_high = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+    let v6 = v6_origin(
+        Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+        32,
+        48,
+        64498,
+    );
+
+    let input_payloads = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v6.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_low.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_high.clone()),
+    ];
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(input_payloads.clone());
+    let output_payloads = snapshot.payloads_for_rtr();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "原始输入 payloads（构造 Snapshot 前）:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&input_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "排序后 payloads_for_rtr:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&output_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "snapshot_payloads_for_rtr_sorts_ipv4_before_ipv6_and_ipv4_announcements_descending",
+        "验证 Snapshot::payloads_for_rtr() 会按 RTR 规则排序：IPv4 在 IPv6 前，且 IPv4 announcement 按地址降序。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(output_payloads.len(), 3);
+
+    let first = as_v4_route_origin(&output_payloads[0]);
+    let second = as_v4_route_origin(&output_payloads[1]);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        first.prefix().address.to_ipv4(),
+        Some(Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        second.prefix().address.to_ipv4(),
+        Some(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0))
+    );
+
+    let third = as_route_origin(&output_payloads[2]);
+    assert!(third.prefix().address.is_ipv6());
+    assert_eq!(
+        third.prefix().address.to_ipv6(),
+        Some(Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delta_new_sorts_announced_descending_and_withdrawn_ascending() {
+    let announced_low = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let announced_high = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+    let withdrawn_high = v4_origin(203, 0, 113, 0, 24, 24, 64501);
+    let withdrawn_low = v4_origin(10, 0, 0, 0, 24, 24, 64500);
+
+    let input_announced = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(announced_low),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(announced_high),
+    ];
+    let input_withdrawn = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(withdrawn_high),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(withdrawn_low),
+    ];
+
+    let delta = Delta::new(101, input_announced.clone(), input_withdrawn.clone());
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "announced（构造前）:\n{}withdrawn（构造前）:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&input_announced), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&input_withdrawn), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = indent_block(&delta_to_string(&delta), 2);
+
+    test_report(
+        "delta_new_sorts_announced_descending_and_withdrawn_ascending",
+        "验证 Delta::new() 会自动排序：announced 按 RTR announcement 规则，withdrawn 按 RTR withdrawal 规则。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(delta.serial(), 101);
+    assert_eq!(delta.announced().len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(delta.withdrawn().len(), 2);
+
+    let a0 = as_v4_route_origin(&delta.announced()[0]);
+    let a1 = as_v4_route_origin(&delta.announced()[1]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        a0.prefix().address.to_ipv4(),
+        Some(Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        a1.prefix().address.to_ipv4(),
+        Some(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0))
+    );
+
+    let w0 = as_v4_route_origin(&delta.withdrawn()[0]);
+    let w1 = as_v4_route_origin(&delta.withdrawn()[1]);
+    assert_eq!(w0.prefix().address.to_ipv4(), Some(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 0)));
+    assert_eq!(
+        w1.prefix().address.to_ipv4(),
+        Some(Ipv4Addr::new(203, 0, 113, 0))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn get_deltas_since_returns_up_to_date_when_client_serial_matches_current() {
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .build();
+
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 100);
+
+    let input = get_deltas_since_input_to_string(cache.session_id(), cache.serial(), 42, 100);
+    let output = serial_result_detail_to_string(&result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "get_deltas_since_returns_up_to_date_when_client_serial_matches_current",
+        "验证当客户端 serial 与缓存当前 serial 相同，返回 UpToDate。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::UpToDate => {}
+        _ => panic!("expected UpToDate"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_on_session_mismatch() {
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .build();
+
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(999, 100);
+
+    let input = get_deltas_since_input_to_string(cache.session_id(), cache.serial(), 999, 100);
+    let output = serial_result_detail_to_string(&result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_on_session_mismatch",
+        "验证当客户端 session_id 与缓存 session_id 不一致时，返回 ResetRequired。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::ResetRequired => {}
+        _ => panic!("expected ResetRequired"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_when_client_serial_is_too_old() {
+    let d1 = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496))],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+    let d2 = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        102,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497))],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+
+    let mut deltas = VecDeque::new();
+    deltas.push_back(d1);
+    deltas.push_back(d2);
+
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(102)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .deltas(deltas.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 99);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "{}delta_window:\n{}",
+        get_deltas_since_input_to_string(cache.session_id(), cache.serial(), 42, 99),
+        indent_block(&deltas_window_to_string(&deltas), 2),
+    );
+    let output = serial_result_detail_to_string(&result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_when_client_serial_is_too_old",
+        "验证当客户端 serial 太旧，已超出 delta window 覆盖范围时，返回 ResetRequired。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::ResetRequired => {}
+        _ => panic!("expected ResetRequired"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn get_deltas_since_returns_applicable_deltas_in_order() {
+    let d1 = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496))],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+    let d2 = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        102,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497))],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+    let d3 = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        103,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(203, 0, 113, 0, 24, 24, 64498))],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+
+    let mut deltas = VecDeque::new();
+    deltas.push_back(d1);
+    deltas.push_back(d2);
+    deltas.push_back(d3);
+
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(103)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .deltas(deltas.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 101);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "{}delta_window:\n{}",
+        get_deltas_since_input_to_string(cache.session_id(), cache.serial(), 42, 101),
+        indent_block(&deltas_window_to_string(&deltas), 2),
+    );
+    let output = serial_result_detail_to_string(&result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "get_deltas_since_returns_applicable_deltas_in_order",
+        "验证当客户端 serial 在 delta window 内时，返回正确且有序的 deltas。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::Deltas(result) => {
+            assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(result[0].serial(), 102);
+            assert_eq!(result[1].serial(), 103);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected Deltas"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_when_client_serial_is_in_future() {
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .build();
+
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 101);
+
+    let input = get_deltas_since_input_to_string(cache.session_id(), cache.serial(), 42, 101);
+    let output = serial_result_detail_to_string(&result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "get_deltas_since_returns_reset_required_when_client_serial_is_in_future",
+        "验证当客户端 serial 比缓存当前 serial 还大时，返回 ResetRequired。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::ResetRequired => {}
+        _ => panic!("expected ResetRequired"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn update_no_change_keeps_serial_and_produces_no_delta() {
+    let old_a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let old_b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+
+    let old_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone()),
+    ];
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(old_input.clone());
+
+    let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .snapshot(snapshot.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let new_payloads = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a),
+    ];
+
+    cache.update(new_payloads.clone(), &store).unwrap();
+
+    let current_snapshot = cache.snapshot();
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 100);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "old_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}new_payloads 原始输入:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&old_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&new_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "cache.serial_after_update: {}\ncurrent_snapshot:\n{}get_deltas_since(42, 100):\n{}",
+        cache.serial(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&current_snapshot), 2),
+        indent_block(&serial_result_detail_to_string(&result), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "update_no_change_keeps_serial_and_produces_no_delta",
+        "验证 update() 在新旧内容完全相同时：serial 不变、snapshot 不变、不会产生新的 delta。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(cache.serial(), 100);
+    assert!(cache.snapshot().same_content(&snapshot));
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::UpToDate => {}
+        _ => panic!("expected UpToDate"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn update_add_only_increments_serial_and_generates_announced_delta() {
+    let old_a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let new_b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+
+    let old_input = vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone())];
+    let old_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(old_input.clone());
+
+    let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .snapshot(old_snapshot.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let new_payloads = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(new_b.clone()),
+    ];
+
+    cache.update(new_payloads.clone(), &store).unwrap();
+
+    let current_snapshot = cache.snapshot();
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 100);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "old_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}new_payloads 原始输入:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&old_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&new_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "cache.serial_after_update: {}\ncurrent_snapshot:\n{}get_deltas_since(42, 100):\n{}",
+        cache.serial(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&current_snapshot), 2),
+        indent_block(&serial_result_detail_to_string(&result), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "update_add_only_increments_serial_and_generates_announced_delta",
+        "验证 update() 在只新增 payload 时：serial + 1，delta 中只有 announced，withdrawn 为空。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(cache.serial(), 101);
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
+            assert_eq!(deltas.len(), 1);
+            let delta = &deltas[0];
+
+            assert_eq!(delta.serial(), 101);
+            assert_eq!(delta.announced().len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(delta.withdrawn().len(), 0);
+
+            match &delta.announced()[0] {
+                Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &new_b),
+                _ => panic!("expected announced RouteOrigin"),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected Deltas"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn update_remove_only_increments_serial_and_generates_withdrawn_delta() {
+    let old_a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let old_b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+
+    let old_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone()),
+    ];
+    let old_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(old_input.clone());
+
+    let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .snapshot(old_snapshot.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let new_payloads = vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone())];
+
+    cache.update(new_payloads.clone(), &store).unwrap();
+
+    let current_snapshot = cache.snapshot();
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 100);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "old_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}new_payloads 原始输入:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&old_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&new_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "cache.serial_after_update: {}\ncurrent_snapshot:\n{}get_deltas_since(42, 100):\n{}",
+        cache.serial(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&current_snapshot), 2),
+        indent_block(&serial_result_detail_to_string(&result), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "update_remove_only_increments_serial_and_generates_withdrawn_delta",
+        "验证 update() 在只删除 payload 时：serial + 1，delta 中只有 withdrawn，announced 为空。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(cache.serial(), 101);
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
+            assert_eq!(deltas.len(), 1);
+            let delta = &deltas[0];
+
+            assert_eq!(delta.serial(), 101);
+            assert_eq!(delta.announced().len(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(delta.withdrawn().len(), 1);
+
+            match &delta.withdrawn()[0] {
+                Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &old_a),
+                _ => panic!("expected withdrawn RouteOrigin"),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected Deltas"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn update_add_and_remove_increments_serial_and_generates_both_sides() {
+    let old_a = v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496);
+    let old_b = v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497);
+    let new_c = v6_origin(
+        Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+        48,
+        48,
+        64499,
+    );
+
+    let old_input = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_a.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone()),
+    ];
+    let old_snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(old_input.clone());
+
+    let mut cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::default())
+        .snapshot(old_snapshot.clone())
+        .build();
+
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let new_payloads = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(old_b.clone()),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(new_c.clone()),
+    ];
+
+    cache.update(new_payloads.clone(), &store).unwrap();
+
+    let current_snapshot = cache.snapshot();
+    let result = cache.get_deltas_since(42, 100);
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "old_snapshot 原始输入:\n{}new_payloads 原始输入:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&old_input), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&new_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "cache.serial_after_update: {}\ncurrent_snapshot:\n{}get_deltas_since(42, 100):\n{}",
+        cache.serial(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_hashes_and_sorted_view_to_string(&current_snapshot), 2),
+        indent_block(&serial_result_detail_to_string(&result), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "update_add_and_remove_increments_serial_and_generates_both_sides",
+        "验证 update() 在同时新增和删除 payload 时：serial + 1，delta 中 announced 和 withdrawn 都正确。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(cache.serial(), 101);
+
+    match result {
+        SerialResult::Deltas(deltas) => {
+            assert_eq!(deltas.len(), 1);
+            let delta = &deltas[0];
+
+            assert_eq!(delta.serial(), 101);
+            assert_eq!(delta.announced().len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(delta.withdrawn().len(), 1);
+
+            match &delta.announced()[0] {
+                Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &new_c),
+                _ => panic!("expected announced RouteOrigin"),
+            }
+
+            match &delta.withdrawn()[0] {
+                Payload::RouteOrigin(ro) => assert_eq!(ro, &old_a),
+                _ => panic!("expected withdrawn RouteOrigin"),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected Deltas"),
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_session.rs b/tests/test_session.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7ed8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_session.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+mod common;
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch};
+
+use common::test_helper::{
+    dump_cache_reset, dump_cache_response, dump_eod_v1, dump_ipv4_prefix, dump_ipv6_prefix,
+    RtrDebugDumper,
+};
+
+use rpki::data_model::resources::ip_resources::{IPAddress, IPAddressPrefix};
+use rpki::rtr::cache::{Delta, SharedRtrCache, RtrCacheBuilder, Snapshot};
+use rpki::rtr::payload::{Payload, RouteOrigin, Timing};
+use rpki::rtr::pdu::{
+    CacheResponse, CacheReset, EndOfDataV1, IPv4Prefix, IPv6Prefix, ResetQuery, SerialQuery,
+};
+use rpki::rtr::session::RtrSession;
+
+fn shared_cache(cache: rpki::rtr::cache::RtrCache) -> SharedRtrCache {
+    Arc::new(RwLock::new(cache))
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn reset_query_returns_snapshot_and_end_of_data() {
+    let prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let origin = RouteOrigin::new(prefix, 24, 64496u32.into());
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(origin)]);
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::new(600, 600, 7200))
+        .snapshot(snapshot)
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    ResetQuery::new(1).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let response = CacheResponse::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(response.pdu(), dump_cache_response(&response));
+    assert_eq!(response.pdu(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(response.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(response.session_id(), 42);
+
+    let prefix = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(prefix.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&prefix));
+    assert_eq!(prefix.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.version(), 1);
+    assert!(prefix.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(prefix.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(prefix.asn(), 64496u32.into());
+
+    let eod = EndOfDataV1::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(eod.pdu(), dump_eod_v1(&eod));
+    assert_eq!(eod.pdu(), 7);
+    assert_eq!(eod.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(eod.session_id(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(eod.serial_number(), 100);
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    assert_eq!(timing.refresh, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.retry, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.expire, 7200);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("reset_query_returns_snapshot_and_end_of_data");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn serial_query_returns_end_of_data_when_up_to_date() {
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing {
+            refresh: 600,
+            retry: 600,
+            expire: 7200,
+        })
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    SerialQuery::new(1, 42, 100).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let eod = EndOfDataV1::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(eod.pdu(), dump_eod_v1(&eod));
+    assert_eq!(eod.pdu(), 7);
+    assert_eq!(eod.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(eod.session_id(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(eod.serial_number(), 100);
+
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    assert_eq!(timing.refresh, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.retry, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.expire, 7200);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("serial_query_returns_end_of_data_when_up_to_date");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn serial_query_returns_cache_reset_when_session_id_mismatch() {
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing {
+            refresh: 600,
+            retry: 600,
+            expire: 7200,
+        })
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    SerialQuery::new(1, 999, 100).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let reset = CacheReset::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(reset.pdu(), dump_cache_reset(reset.version(), reset.pdu()));
+    assert_eq!(reset.pdu(), 8);
+    assert_eq!(reset.version(), 1);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("serial_query_returns_cache_reset_when_session_id_mismatch");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn serial_query_returns_deltas_when_incremental_update_available() {
+    let prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let origin = RouteOrigin::new(prefix, 24, 64496u32.into());
+
+    let delta = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(origin)],
+        vec![],
+    ));
+
+    let mut deltas = VecDeque::new();
+    deltas.push_back(delta);
+
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(101)
+        .timing(Timing {
+            refresh: 600,
+            retry: 600,
+            expire: 7200,
+        })
+        .deltas(deltas)
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    SerialQuery::new(1, 42, 100).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let response = CacheResponse::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(response.pdu(), dump_cache_response(&response));
+    assert_eq!(response.pdu(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(response.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(response.session_id(), 42);
+
+    let prefix = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(prefix.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&prefix));
+    assert_eq!(prefix.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.version(), 1);
+    assert!(prefix.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(prefix.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(prefix.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(prefix.asn(), 64496u32.into());
+
+    let eod = EndOfDataV1::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(eod.pdu(), dump_eod_v1(&eod));
+    assert_eq!(eod.pdu(), 7);
+    assert_eq!(eod.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(eod.session_id(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(eod.serial_number(), 101);
+
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    assert_eq!(timing.refresh, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.retry, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.expire, 7200);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("serial_query_returns_deltas_when_incremental_update_available");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn reset_query_returns_payloads_in_rtr_order() {
+    let v4_low_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let v4_low_origin = RouteOrigin::new(v4_low_prefix, 24, 64496u32.into());
+
+    let v4_high_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let v4_high_origin = RouteOrigin::new(v4_high_prefix, 24, 64497u32.into());
+
+    let v6_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv6(Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 32,
+    };
+    let v6_origin = RouteOrigin::new(v6_prefix, 48, 64498u32.into());
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v6_origin),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_low_origin),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_high_origin),
+    ]);
+
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(100)
+        .timing(Timing::new(600, 600, 7200))
+        .snapshot(snapshot)
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    ResetQuery::new(1).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let response = CacheResponse::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(response.pdu(), dump_cache_response(&response));
+    assert_eq!(response.pdu(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(response.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(response.session_id(), 42);
+
+    let first = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(first.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&first));
+    assert_eq!(first.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(first.version(), 1);
+    assert!(first.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(first.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0));
+    assert_eq!(first.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(first.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(first.asn(), 64497u32.into());
+
+    let second = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(second.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&second));
+    assert_eq!(second.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(second.version(), 1);
+    assert!(second.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(second.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(second.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(second.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(second.asn(), 64496u32.into());
+
+    assert!(u32::from(first.prefix()) > u32::from(second.prefix()));
+
+    let third = IPv6Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(third.pdu(), dump_ipv6_prefix(&third));
+    assert_eq!(third.pdu(), 6);
+    assert_eq!(third.version(), 1);
+    assert!(third.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(third.prefix(), Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0));
+    assert_eq!(third.prefix_len(), 32);
+    assert_eq!(third.max_len(), 48);
+    assert_eq!(third.asn(), 64498u32.into());
+
+    let eod = EndOfDataV1::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(eod.pdu(), dump_eod_v1(&eod));
+    assert_eq!(eod.pdu(), 7);
+    assert_eq!(eod.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(eod.session_id(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(eod.serial_number(), 100);
+
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    assert_eq!(timing.refresh, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.retry, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.expire, 7200);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("reset_query_returns_payloads_in_rtr_order");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn serial_query_returns_announcements_before_withdrawals() {
+    let announced_low_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let announced_low_origin = RouteOrigin::new(announced_low_prefix, 24, 64496u32.into());
+
+    let announced_high_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let announced_high_origin = RouteOrigin::new(announced_high_prefix, 24, 64497u32.into());
+
+    let withdrawn_low_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let withdrawn_low_origin = RouteOrigin::new(withdrawn_low_prefix, 24, 64500u32.into());
+
+    let withdrawn_high_prefix = IPAddressPrefix {
+        address: IPAddress::from_ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(203, 0, 113, 0)),
+        prefix_length: 24,
+    };
+    let withdrawn_high_origin = RouteOrigin::new(withdrawn_high_prefix, 24, 64501u32.into());
+
+    let delta = Arc::new(Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![
+            Payload::RouteOrigin(announced_low_origin),
+            Payload::RouteOrigin(announced_high_origin),
+        ],
+        vec![
+            Payload::RouteOrigin(withdrawn_high_origin),
+            Payload::RouteOrigin(withdrawn_low_origin),
+        ],
+    ));
+
+    let mut deltas = VecDeque::new();
+    deltas.push_back(delta);
+
+    let cache = RtrCacheBuilder::new()
+        .session_id(42)
+        .serial(101)
+        .timing(Timing {
+            refresh: 600,
+            retry: 600,
+            expire: 7200,
+        })
+        .deltas(deltas)
+        .build();
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+    let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+
+    let server_cache = shared_cache(cache);
+    let (_notify_tx, notify_rx) = broadcast::channel(16);
+    let (_shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = watch::channel(false);
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let session = RtrSession::new(server_cache, stream, notify_rx, shutdown_rx);
+        session.run().await.unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let mut client = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+    SerialQuery::new(1, 42, 100).write(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut dump = RtrDebugDumper::new();
+
+    let response = CacheResponse::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(response.pdu(), dump_cache_response(&response));
+    assert_eq!(response.pdu(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(response.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(response.session_id(), 42);
+
+    let first = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(first.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&first));
+    assert_eq!(first.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(first.version(), 1);
+    assert!(first.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(first.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(198, 51, 100, 0));
+    assert_eq!(first.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(first.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(first.asn(), 64497u32.into());
+
+    let second = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(second.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&second));
+    assert_eq!(second.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(second.version(), 1);
+    assert!(second.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(second.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(second.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(second.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(second.asn(), 64496u32.into());
+
+    assert!(u32::from(first.prefix()) > u32::from(second.prefix()));
+
+    let third = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(third.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&third));
+    assert_eq!(third.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(third.version(), 1);
+    assert!(!third.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(third.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 0));
+    assert_eq!(third.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(third.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(third.asn(), 64500u32.into());
+
+    let fourth = IPv4Prefix::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(fourth.pdu(), dump_ipv4_prefix(&fourth));
+    assert_eq!(fourth.pdu(), 4);
+    assert_eq!(fourth.version(), 1);
+    assert!(!fourth.flag().is_announce());
+    assert_eq!(fourth.prefix(), Ipv4Addr::new(203, 0, 113, 0));
+    assert_eq!(fourth.prefix_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(fourth.max_len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(fourth.asn(), 64501u32.into());
+
+    assert!(u32::from(third.prefix()) < u32::from(fourth.prefix()));
+    assert!(first.flag().is_announce());
+    assert!(second.flag().is_announce());
+    assert!(!third.flag().is_announce());
+    assert!(!fourth.flag().is_announce());
+
+    let eod = EndOfDataV1::read(&mut client).await.unwrap();
+    dump.push_value(eod.pdu(), dump_eod_v1(&eod));
+    assert_eq!(eod.pdu(), 7);
+    assert_eq!(eod.version(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(eod.session_id(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(eod.serial_number(), 101);
+
+    let timing = eod.timing();
+    assert_eq!(timing.refresh, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.retry, 600);
+    assert_eq!(timing.expire, 7200);
+
+    dump.print_pretty("serial_query_returns_announcements_before_withdrawals");
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_store_db.rs b/tests/test_store_db.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1550d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_store_db.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+mod common;
+
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+
+use common::test_helper::{
+    indent_block, payloads_to_string, test_report, v4_origin, v6_origin,
+};
+
+use rpki::rtr::cache::{Delta, Snapshot};
+use rpki::rtr::payload::Payload;
+use rpki::rtr::store_db::RtrStore;
+
+fn snapshot_to_string(snapshot: &Snapshot) -> String {
+    let payloads = snapshot.payloads_for_rtr();
+    payloads_to_string(&payloads)
+}
+
+fn delta_to_string(delta: &Delta) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "serial: {}\nannounced:\n{}withdrawn:\n{}",
+        delta.serial(),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.announced()), 2),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(delta.withdrawn()), 2),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_save_and_get_snapshot() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let input_payloads = vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496)),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v6_origin(
+            Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+            32,
+            48,
+            64497,
+        )),
+    ];
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(input_payloads.clone());
+
+    store.save_snapshot(&snapshot).unwrap();
+    let loaded = store.get_snapshot().unwrap().expect("snapshot should exist");
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nsnapshot:\n{}",
+        dir.path().display(),
+        indent_block(&payloads_to_string(&input_payloads), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "loaded snapshot:\n{}same_content: {}\n",
+        indent_block(&snapshot_to_string(&loaded), 2),
+        snapshot.same_content(&loaded),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_save_and_get_snapshot",
+        "验证 save_snapshot() 后可以通过 get_snapshot() 正确读回 Snapshot。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(snapshot.same_content(&loaded));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_set_and_get_meta_fields() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    store.set_session_id(42).unwrap();
+    store.set_serial(100).unwrap();
+    store.set_delta_window(101, 110).unwrap();
+
+    let session_id = store.get_session_id().unwrap();
+    let serial = store.get_serial().unwrap();
+    let window = store.get_delta_window().unwrap();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nset_session_id=42\nset_serial=100\nset_delta_window=(101, 110)\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "get_session_id: {:?}\nget_serial: {:?}\nget_delta_window: {:?}\n",
+        session_id, serial, window,
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_set_and_get_meta_fields",
+        "验证 session_id / serial / delta_window 能正确写入并读回。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(session_id, Some(42));
+    assert_eq!(serial, Some(100));
+    assert_eq!(window, Some((101, 110)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_save_and_get_delta() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let delta = Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497))],
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496))],
+    );
+
+    store.save_delta(&delta).unwrap();
+    let loaded = store.get_delta(101).unwrap().expect("delta should exist");
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\ndelta:\n{}",
+        dir.path().display(),
+        indent_block(&delta_to_string(&delta), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "loaded delta:\n{}",
+        indent_block(&delta_to_string(&loaded), 2),
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_save_and_get_delta",
+        "验证 save_delta() 后可以通过 get_delta(serial) 正确读回 Delta。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(loaded.serial(), 101);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.announced().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.withdrawn().len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_load_deltas_since_returns_only_newer_deltas_in_order() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let d101 = Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let d102 = Delta::new(
+        102,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let d103 = Delta::new(
+        103,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(203, 0, 113, 0, 24, 24, 64498))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    store.save_delta(&d101).unwrap();
+    store.save_delta(&d102).unwrap();
+    store.save_delta(&d103).unwrap();
+
+    let loaded = store.load_deltas_since(101).unwrap();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nsaved delta serials: [101, 102, 103]\nload_deltas_since(101)\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+    );
+
+    let output = {
+        let mut s = String::new();
+        for (idx, d) in loaded.iter().enumerate() {
+            s.push_str(&format!("loaded[{}]:\n", idx));
+            s.push_str(&indent_block(&delta_to_string(d), 2));
+        }
+        s
+    };
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_load_deltas_since_returns_only_newer_deltas_in_order",
+        "验证 load_deltas_since(x) 只返回 serial > x 的 Delta，且顺序正确。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(loaded.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(loaded[0].serial(), 102);
+    assert_eq!(loaded[1].serial(), 103);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_save_snapshot_and_meta_writes_all_fields() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496)),
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497)),
+    ]);
+
+    store.save_snapshot_and_meta(&snapshot, 42, 100).unwrap();
+
+    let loaded_snapshot = store.get_snapshot().unwrap().expect("snapshot should exist");
+    let loaded_session = store.get_session_id().unwrap();
+    let loaded_serial = store.get_serial().unwrap();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nsnapshot:\n{}session_id=42\nserial=100\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_to_string(&snapshot), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "loaded_snapshot:\n{}loaded_session_id: {:?}\nloaded_serial: {:?}\n",
+        indent_block(&snapshot_to_string(&loaded_snapshot), 2),
+        loaded_session,
+        loaded_serial,
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_save_snapshot_and_meta_writes_all_fields",
+        "验证 save_snapshot_and_meta() 会同时写入 snapshot、session_id 和 serial。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(snapshot.same_content(&loaded_snapshot));
+    assert_eq!(loaded_session, Some(42));
+    assert_eq!(loaded_serial, Some(100));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_load_snapshot_and_serial_returns_consistent_pair() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(203, 0, 113, 0, 24, 24, 64498)),
+    ]);
+
+    store.save_snapshot_and_serial(&snapshot, 200).unwrap();
+
+    let loaded = store
+        .load_snapshot_and_serial()
+        .unwrap()
+        .expect("snapshot+serial should exist");
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nsnapshot:\n{}serial=200\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+        indent_block(&snapshot_to_string(&snapshot), 2),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "loaded_snapshot:\n{}loaded_serial: {}\n",
+        indent_block(&snapshot_to_string(&loaded.0), 2),
+        loaded.1,
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_load_snapshot_and_serial_returns_consistent_pair",
+        "验证 load_snapshot_and_serial() 能正确返回一致的 snapshot 与 serial。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(snapshot.same_content(&loaded.0));
+    assert_eq!(loaded.1, 200);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_delete_snapshot_delta_and_serial_removes_data() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496)),
+    ]);
+    let delta = Delta::new(
+        101,
+        vec![Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(198, 51, 100, 0, 24, 24, 64497))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    store.save_snapshot(&snapshot).unwrap();
+    store.save_delta(&delta).unwrap();
+    store.set_serial(100).unwrap();
+
+    store.delete_snapshot().unwrap();
+    store.delete_delta(101).unwrap();
+    store.delete_serial().unwrap();
+
+    let loaded_snapshot = store.get_snapshot().unwrap();
+    let loaded_delta = store.get_delta(101).unwrap();
+    let loaded_serial = store.get_serial().unwrap();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\nsave snapshot + delta(101) + serial(100), then delete all three.\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!(
+        "get_snapshot: {:?}\nget_delta(101): {:?}\nget_serial: {:?}\n",
+        loaded_snapshot.as_ref().map(|_| "Some(snapshot)"),
+        loaded_delta.as_ref().map(|_| "Some(delta)"),
+        loaded_serial,
+    );
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_delete_snapshot_delta_and_serial_removes_data",
+        "验证 delete_snapshot()/delete_delta()/delete_serial() 后，对应数据不再可读。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(loaded_snapshot.is_none());
+    assert!(loaded_delta.is_none());
+    assert!(loaded_serial.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn store_db_load_snapshot_and_serial_errors_on_inconsistent_state() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let store = RtrStore::open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::from_payloads(vec![
+        Payload::RouteOrigin(v4_origin(192, 0, 2, 0, 24, 24, 64496)),
+    ]);
+
+    store.save_snapshot(&snapshot).unwrap();
+    // 故意不写 serial，制造不一致状态
+
+    let result = store.load_snapshot_and_serial();
+
+    let input = format!(
+        "db_path: {}\n仅保存 snapshot，不保存 serial。\n",
+        dir.path().display(),
+    );
+
+    let output = format!("load_snapshot_and_serial result: {:?}\n", result);
+
+    test_report(
+        "store_db_load_snapshot_and_serial_errors_on_inconsistent_state",
+        "验证当 snapshot 和 serial 状态不一致时，load_snapshot_and_serial() 返回错误。",
+        &input,
+        &output,
+    );
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
\ No newline at end of file