cuda-samples/Samples/5_Domain_Specific/marchingCubes/marchingCubes.cpp

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/*
  Marching cubes

  This sample extracts a geometric isosurface from a volume dataset using
  the marching cubes algorithm. It uses the scan (prefix sum) function from
  the Thrust library to perform stream compaction.  Similar techniques can
  be used for other problems that require a variable-sized output per
  thread.

  For more information on marching cubes see:
  http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/geometry/polygonise/
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_cubes

  Volume data courtesy:
  http://www9.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/External/vollib/

  For more information on the Thrust library
  http://code.google.com/p/thrust/

  The algorithm consists of several stages:

  1. Execute "classifyVoxel" kernel
  This evaluates the volume at the corners of each voxel and computes the
  number of vertices each voxel will generate.
  It is executed using one thread per voxel.
  It writes two arrays - voxelOccupied and voxelVertices to global memory.
  voxelOccupied is a flag indicating if the voxel is non-empty.

  2. Scan "voxelOccupied" array (using Thrust scan)
  Read back the total number of occupied voxels from GPU to CPU.
  This is the sum of the last value of the exclusive scan and the last
  input value.

  3. Execute "compactVoxels" kernel
  This compacts the voxelOccupied array to get rid of empty voxels.
  This allows us to run the complex "generateTriangles" kernel on only
  the occupied voxels.

  4. Scan voxelVertices array
  This gives the start address for the vertex data for each voxel.
  We read back the total number of vertices generated from GPU to CPU.

  Note that by using a custom scan function we could combine the above two
  scan operations above into a single operation.

  5. Execute "generateTriangles" kernel
  This runs only on the occupied voxels.
  It looks up the field values again and generates the triangle data,
  using the results of the scan to write the output to the correct addresses.
  The marching cubes look-up tables are stored in 1D textures.

  6. Render geometry
  Using number of vertices from readback.
*/

#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN64) || defined(_WIN64)
#define WINDOWS_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define NOMINMAX
#include <windows.h>
#endif

// includes
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <helper_gl.h>

#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cuda_gl_interop.h>
#include <vector_types.h>
#include <vector_functions.h>

#include <helper_cuda.h>  // includes cuda.h and cuda_runtime_api.h
#include <helper_functions.h>

#include "defines.h"

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(MACOSX)
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
#include <GLUT/glut.h>
#else
#include <GL/freeglut.h>
#endif

extern "C" void launch_classifyVoxel(dim3 grid, dim3 threads, uint *voxelVerts,
                                     uint *voxelOccupied, uchar *volume,
                                     uint3 gridSize, uint3 gridSizeShift,
                                     uint3 gridSizeMask, uint numVoxels,
                                     float3 voxelSize, float isoValue);

extern "C" void launch_compactVoxels(dim3 grid, dim3 threads,
                                     uint *compactedVoxelArray,
                                     uint *voxelOccupied,
                                     uint *voxelOccupiedScan, uint numVoxels);

extern "C" void launch_generateTriangles(
    dim3 grid, dim3 threads, float4 *pos, float4 *norm,
    uint *compactedVoxelArray, uint *numVertsScanned, uint3 gridSize,
    uint3 gridSizeShift, uint3 gridSizeMask, float3 voxelSize, float isoValue,
    uint activeVoxels, uint maxVerts);

extern "C" void launch_generateTriangles2(
    dim3 grid, dim3 threads, float4 *pos, float4 *norm,
    uint *compactedVoxelArray, uint *numVertsScanned, uchar *volume,
    uint3 gridSize, uint3 gridSizeShift, uint3 gridSizeMask, float3 voxelSize,
    float isoValue, uint activeVoxels, uint maxVerts);

extern "C" void allocateTextures(uint **d_edgeTable, uint **d_triTable,
                                 uint **d_numVertsTable);
extern "C" void createVolumeTexture(uchar *d_volume, size_t buffSize);
extern "C" void destroyAllTextureObjects();
extern "C" void ThrustScanWrapper(unsigned int *output, unsigned int *input,
                                  unsigned int numElements);

// constants
const unsigned int window_width = 512;
const unsigned int window_height = 512;

const char *volumeFilename = "Bucky.raw";

uint3 gridSizeLog2 = make_uint3(5, 5, 5);
uint3 gridSizeShift;
uint3 gridSize;
uint3 gridSizeMask;

float3 voxelSize;
uint numVoxels = 0;
uint maxVerts = 0;
uint activeVoxels = 0;
uint totalVerts = 0;

float isoValue = 0.2f;
float dIsoValue = 0.005f;

// device data
GLuint posVbo, normalVbo;
GLint gl_Shader;
struct cudaGraphicsResource *cuda_posvbo_resource,
    *cuda_normalvbo_resource;  // handles OpenGL-CUDA exchange

float4 *d_pos = 0, *d_normal = 0;

uchar *d_volume = 0;
uint *d_voxelVerts = 0;
uint *d_voxelVertsScan = 0;
uint *d_voxelOccupied = 0;
uint *d_voxelOccupiedScan = 0;
uint *d_compVoxelArray;

// tables
uint *d_numVertsTable = 0;
uint *d_edgeTable = 0;
uint *d_triTable = 0;

// mouse controls
int mouse_old_x, mouse_old_y;
int mouse_buttons = 0;
float3 rotate = make_float3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
float3 translate = make_float3(0.0, 0.0, -3.0);

// toggles
bool wireframe = false;
bool animate = true;
bool lighting = true;
bool render = true;
bool compute = true;

#define MAX_EPSILON_ERROR 5.0f
#define REFRESH_DELAY 10  // ms

// Define the files that are to be save and the reference images for validation
const char *sOriginal[] = {"march_cubes.ppm", NULL};

const char *sReference[] = {"ref_march_cubes.ppm", NULL};

StopWatchInterface *timer = 0;

// Auto-Verification Code
const int frameCheckNumber = 4;
int fpsCount = 0;  // FPS count for averaging
int fpsLimit = 1;  // FPS limit for sampling
int g_Index = 0;
unsigned int frameCount = 0;
bool g_bValidate = false;

int *pArgc = NULL;
char **pArgv = NULL;

// forward declarations
void runGraphicsTest(int argc, char **argv);
void runAutoTest(int argc, char **argv);
void initMC(int argc, char **argv);
void computeIsosurface();
void dumpFile(void *dData, int data_bytes, const char *file_name);

template <class T>
void dumpBuffer(T *d_buffer, int nelements, int size_element);

void cleanup();

bool initGL(int *argc, char **argv);
void createVBO(GLuint *vbo, unsigned int size);
void deleteVBO(GLuint *vbo, struct cudaGraphicsResource **cuda_resource);

void display();
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y);
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y);
void motion(int x, int y);
void idle();
void reshape(int w, int h);

void mainMenu(int i);

#define EPSILON 5.0f
#define THRESHOLD 0.30f

void animation() {
  if (animate) {
    isoValue += dIsoValue;

    if (isoValue < 0.1f) {
      isoValue = 0.1f;
      dIsoValue *= -1.0f;
    } else if (isoValue > 0.9f) {
      isoValue = 0.9f;
      dIsoValue *= -1.0f;
    }
  }
}

void timerEvent(int value) {
  animation();
  glutPostRedisplay();
  glutTimerFunc(REFRESH_DELAY, timerEvent, 0);
}

void computeFPS() {
  frameCount++;
  fpsCount++;

  if (fpsCount == fpsLimit) {
    char fps[256];
    float ifps = 1.f / (sdkGetAverageTimerValue(&timer) / 1000.f);
    sprintf(fps, "CUDA Marching Cubes: %3.1f fps", ifps);

    glutSetWindowTitle(fps);
    fpsCount = 0;

    fpsLimit = ftoi(MAX(1.f, ifps));
    sdkResetTimer(&timer);
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Load raw data from disk
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
uchar *loadRawFile(char *filename, int size) {
  FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "rb");

  if (!fp) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file '%s'\n", filename);
    return 0;
  }

  uchar *data = (uchar *)malloc(size);
  size_t read = fread(data, 1, size, fp);
  fclose(fp);

  printf("Read '%s', %d bytes\n", filename, (int)read);

  return data;
}

void dumpFile(void *dData, int data_bytes, const char *file_name) {
  void *hData = malloc(data_bytes);
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(hData, dData, data_bytes, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
  sdkDumpBin(hData, data_bytes, file_name);
  free(hData);
}

template <class T>
void dumpBuffer(T *d_buffer, int nelements, int size_element) {
  uint bytes = nelements * size_element;
  T *h_buffer = (T *)malloc(bytes);
  checkCudaErrors(
      cudaMemcpy(h_buffer, d_buffer, bytes, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

  for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
    printf("%d: %u\n", i, h_buffer[i]);
  }

  printf("\n");
  free(h_buffer);
}

void runAutoTest(int argc, char **argv) {
  findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);

  // Initialize CUDA buffers for Marching Cubes
  initMC(argc, argv);

  computeIsosurface();

  char *ref_file = NULL;
  getCmdLineArgumentString(argc, (const char **)argv, "file", &ref_file);

  enum DUMP_TYPE { DUMP_POS = 0, DUMP_NORMAL, DUMP_VOXEL };
  int dump_option = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "dump");

  bool bTestResult = true;

  switch (dump_option) {
    case DUMP_POS:
      dumpFile((void *)d_pos, sizeof(float4) * maxVerts,
               "marchCube_posArray.bin");
      bTestResult = sdkCompareBin2BinFloat(
          "marchCube_posArray.bin", "posArray.bin",
          maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4, EPSILON, THRESHOLD, argv[0]);
      break;

    case DUMP_NORMAL:
      dumpFile((void *)d_normal, sizeof(float4) * maxVerts,
               "marchCube_normalArray.bin");
      bTestResult = sdkCompareBin2BinFloat(
          "marchCube_normalArray.bin", "normalArray.bin",
          maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4, EPSILON, THRESHOLD, argv[0]);
      break;

    case DUMP_VOXEL:
      dumpFile((void *)d_compVoxelArray, sizeof(uint) * numVoxels,
               "marchCube_compVoxelArray.bin");
      bTestResult = sdkCompareBin2BinFloat(
          "marchCube_compVoxelArray.bin", "compVoxelArray.bin",
          numVoxels * sizeof(uint), EPSILON, THRESHOLD, argv[0]);
      break;

    default:
      printf("Invalid validation flag!\n");
      printf("-dump=0 <check position>\n");
      printf("-dump=1 <check normal>\n");
      printf("-dump=2 <check voxel>\n");
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }

  exit(bTestResult ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Program main
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  pArgc = &argc;
  pArgv = argv;

#if defined(__linux__)
  setenv("DISPLAY", ":0", 0);
#endif

  printf("[%s] - Starting...\n", argv[0]);

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "file") &&
      checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "dump")) {
    animate = false;
    fpsLimit = frameCheckNumber;
    g_bValidate = true;
    runAutoTest(argc, argv);
  } else {
    runGraphicsTest(argc, argv);
  }

  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// initialize marching cubes
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void initMC(int argc, char **argv) {
  // parse command line arguments
  int n;

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "grid")) {
    n = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "grid");
    gridSizeLog2.x = gridSizeLog2.y = gridSizeLog2.z = n;
  }

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridx")) {
    n = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridx");
    gridSizeLog2.x = n;
  }

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridy")) {
    n = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridy");
    gridSizeLog2.y = n;
  }

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridz")) {
    n = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "gridz");
    gridSizeLog2.z = n;
  }

  char *filename;

  if (getCmdLineArgumentString(argc, (const char **)argv, "file", &filename)) {
    volumeFilename = filename;
  }

  gridSize =
      make_uint3(1 << gridSizeLog2.x, 1 << gridSizeLog2.y, 1 << gridSizeLog2.z);
  gridSizeMask = make_uint3(gridSize.x - 1, gridSize.y - 1, gridSize.z - 1);
  gridSizeShift =
      make_uint3(0, gridSizeLog2.x, gridSizeLog2.x + gridSizeLog2.y);

  numVoxels = gridSize.x * gridSize.y * gridSize.z;
  voxelSize =
      make_float3(2.0f / gridSize.x, 2.0f / gridSize.y, 2.0f / gridSize.z);
  maxVerts = gridSize.x * gridSize.y * 100;

  printf("grid: %d x %d x %d = %d voxels\n", gridSize.x, gridSize.y, gridSize.z,
         numVoxels);
  printf("max verts = %d\n", maxVerts);

#if SAMPLE_VOLUME
  // load volume data
  char *path = sdkFindFilePath(volumeFilename, argv[0]);

  if (path == NULL) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error finding file '%s'\n", volumeFilename);

    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  int size = gridSize.x * gridSize.y * gridSize.z * sizeof(uchar);
  uchar *volume = loadRawFile(path, size);
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_volume, size));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(d_volume, volume, size, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
  free(volume);

  createVolumeTexture(d_volume, size);
#endif

  if (g_bValidate) {
    cudaMalloc((void **)&(d_pos), maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4);
    cudaMalloc((void **)&(d_normal), maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4);
  } else {
    // create VBOs
    createVBO(&posVbo, maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4);
    // DEPRECATED: checkCudaErrors( cudaGLRegisterBufferObject(posVbo) );
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsGLRegisterBuffer(
        &cuda_posvbo_resource, posVbo, cudaGraphicsMapFlagsWriteDiscard));

    createVBO(&normalVbo, maxVerts * sizeof(float) * 4);
    // DEPRECATED: checkCudaErrors(cudaGLRegisterBufferObject(normalVbo));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsGLRegisterBuffer(
        &cuda_normalvbo_resource, normalVbo, cudaGraphicsMapFlagsWriteDiscard));
  }

  // allocate textures
  allocateTextures(&d_edgeTable, &d_triTable, &d_numVertsTable);

  // allocate device memory
  unsigned int memSize = sizeof(uint) * numVoxels;
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_voxelVerts, memSize));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_voxelVertsScan, memSize));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_voxelOccupied, memSize));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_voxelOccupiedScan, memSize));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_compVoxelArray, memSize));
}

void cleanup() {
  if (g_bValidate) {
    cudaFree(d_pos);
    cudaFree(d_normal);
  } else {
    sdkDeleteTimer(&timer);

    deleteVBO(&posVbo, &cuda_posvbo_resource);
    deleteVBO(&normalVbo, &cuda_normalvbo_resource);
  }
  destroyAllTextureObjects();
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_edgeTable));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_triTable));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_numVertsTable));

  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_voxelVerts));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_voxelVertsScan));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_voxelOccupied));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_voxelOccupiedScan));
  checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_compVoxelArray));

  if (d_volume) {
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_volume));
  }
}

void initMenus() {
  glutCreateMenu(mainMenu);
  glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle animation [ ]", ' ');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Increment isovalue [+]", '+');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Decrement isovalue [-]", '-');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle computation [c]", 'c');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle rendering [r]", 'r');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle lighting [l]", 'l');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Toggle wireframe [w]", 'w');
  glutAddMenuEntry("Quit (esc)", '\033');
  glutAttachMenu(GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON);
}

void runGraphicsTest(int argc, char **argv) {
  printf("MarchingCubes\n");

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "device")) {
    printf("[%s]\n", argv[0]);
    printf("   Does not explicitly support -device=n in OpenGL mode\n");
    printf("   To use -device=n, the sample must be running w/o OpenGL\n\n");
    printf(" > %s -device=n -file=<reference> -dump=<0/1/2>\n", argv[0]);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }

  // First initialize OpenGL context, so we can properly set the GL for CUDA.
  // This is necessary in order to achieve optimal performance with OpenGL/CUDA
  // interop.
  if (false == initGL(&argc, argv)) {
    return;
  }

  findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);

  // register callbacks
  glutDisplayFunc(display);
  glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
  glutMouseFunc(mouse);
  glutMotionFunc(motion);
  glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
  glutTimerFunc(REFRESH_DELAY, timerEvent, 0);
  initMenus();

  // Initialize CUDA buffers for Marching Cubes
  initMC(argc, argv);

  sdkCreateTimer(&timer);

  // start rendering mainloop
  glutMainLoop();
}

#define DEBUG_BUFFERS 0

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Run the Cuda part of the computation
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void computeIsosurface() {
  int threads = 128;
  dim3 grid(numVoxels / threads, 1, 1);

  // get around maximum grid size of 65535 in each dimension
  if (grid.x > 65535) {
    grid.y = grid.x / 32768;
    grid.x = 32768;
  }

  // calculate number of vertices need per voxel
  launch_classifyVoxel(grid, threads, d_voxelVerts, d_voxelOccupied, d_volume,
                       gridSize, gridSizeShift, gridSizeMask, numVoxels,
                       voxelSize, isoValue);
#if DEBUG_BUFFERS
  printf("voxelVerts:\n");
  dumpBuffer(d_voxelVerts, numVoxels, sizeof(uint));
#endif

#if SKIP_EMPTY_VOXELS
  // scan voxel occupied array
  ThrustScanWrapper(d_voxelOccupiedScan, d_voxelOccupied, numVoxels);

#if DEBUG_BUFFERS
  printf("voxelOccupiedScan:\n");
  dumpBuffer(d_voxelOccupiedScan, numVoxels, sizeof(uint));
#endif

  // read back values to calculate total number of non-empty voxels
  // since we are using an exclusive scan, the total is the last value of
  // the scan result plus the last value in the input array
  {
    uint lastElement, lastScanElement;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy((void *)&lastElement,
                               (void *)(d_voxelOccupied + numVoxels - 1),
                               sizeof(uint), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy((void *)&lastScanElement,
                               (void *)(d_voxelOccupiedScan + numVoxels - 1),
                               sizeof(uint), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
    activeVoxels = lastElement + lastScanElement;
  }

  if (activeVoxels == 0) {
    // return if there are no full voxels
    totalVerts = 0;
    return;
  }

  // compact voxel index array
  launch_compactVoxels(grid, threads, d_compVoxelArray, d_voxelOccupied,
                       d_voxelOccupiedScan, numVoxels);
  getLastCudaError("compactVoxels failed");

#endif  // SKIP_EMPTY_VOXELS

  // scan voxel vertex count array
  ThrustScanWrapper(d_voxelVertsScan, d_voxelVerts, numVoxels);

#if DEBUG_BUFFERS
  printf("voxelVertsScan:\n");
  dumpBuffer(d_voxelVertsScan, numVoxels, sizeof(uint));
#endif

  // readback total number of vertices
  {
    uint lastElement, lastScanElement;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy((void *)&lastElement,
                               (void *)(d_voxelVerts + numVoxels - 1),
                               sizeof(uint), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy((void *)&lastScanElement,
                               (void *)(d_voxelVertsScan + numVoxels - 1),
                               sizeof(uint), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
    totalVerts = lastElement + lastScanElement;
  }

  // generate triangles, writing to vertex buffers
  if (!g_bValidate) {
    size_t num_bytes;
    // DEPRECATED: checkCudaErrors(cudaGLMapBufferObject((void**)&d_pos,
    // posVbo));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsMapResources(1, &cuda_posvbo_resource, 0));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsResourceGetMappedPointer(
        (void **)&d_pos, &num_bytes, cuda_posvbo_resource));

    // DEPRECATED: checkCudaErrors(cudaGLMapBufferObject((void**)&d_normal,
    // normalVbo));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsMapResources(1, &cuda_normalvbo_resource, 0));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsResourceGetMappedPointer(
        (void **)&d_normal, &num_bytes, cuda_normalvbo_resource));
  }

#if SKIP_EMPTY_VOXELS
  dim3 grid2((int)ceil(activeVoxels / (float)NTHREADS), 1, 1);
#else
  dim3 grid2((int)ceil(numVoxels / (float)NTHREADS), 1, 1);
#endif

  while (grid2.x > 65535) {
    grid2.x /= 2;
    grid2.y *= 2;
  }

#if SAMPLE_VOLUME
  launch_generateTriangles2(grid2, NTHREADS, d_pos, d_normal, d_compVoxelArray,
                            d_voxelVertsScan, d_volume, gridSize, gridSizeShift,
                            gridSizeMask, voxelSize, isoValue, activeVoxels,
                            maxVerts);
#else
  launch_generateTriangles(grid2, NTHREADS, d_pos, d_normal, d_compVoxelArray,
                           d_voxelVertsScan, gridSize, gridSizeShift,
                           gridSizeMask, voxelSize, isoValue, activeVoxels,
                           maxVerts);
#endif

  if (!g_bValidate) {
    // DEPRECATED:      checkCudaErrors(cudaGLUnmapBufferObject(normalVbo));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsUnmapResources(1, &cuda_normalvbo_resource, 0));
    // DEPRECATED:      checkCudaErrors(cudaGLUnmapBufferObject(posVbo));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGraphicsUnmapResources(1, &cuda_posvbo_resource, 0));
  }
}

// shader for displaying floating-point texture
static const char *shader_code =
    "!!ARBfp1.0\n"
    "TEX result.color, fragment.texcoord, texture[0], 2D; \n"
    "END";

GLuint compileASMShader(GLenum program_type, const char *code) {
  GLuint program_id;
  glGenProgramsARB(1, &program_id);
  glBindProgramARB(program_type, program_id);
  glProgramStringARB(program_type, GL_PROGRAM_FORMAT_ASCII_ARB,
                     (GLsizei)strlen(code), (GLubyte *)code);

  GLint error_pos;
  glGetIntegerv(GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_POSITION_ARB, &error_pos);

  if (error_pos != -1) {
    const GLubyte *error_string;
    error_string = glGetString(GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_STRING_ARB);
    fprintf(stderr, "Program error at position: %d\n%s\n", (int)error_pos,
            error_string);
    return 0;
  }

  return program_id;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Initialize OpenGL
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool initGL(int *argc, char **argv) {
  // Create GL context
  glutInit(argc, argv);
  glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH);
  glutInitWindowSize(window_width, window_height);
  glutCreateWindow("CUDA Marching Cubes");

  if (!isGLVersionSupported(2, 0)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Support for necessary OpenGL extensions missing.");
    fflush(stderr);
    return false;
  }

  // default initialization
  glClearColor(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
  glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

  // good old-fashioned fixed function lighting
  float black[] = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
  float white[] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
  float ambient[] = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f};
  float diffuse[] = {0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f};
  float lightPos[] = {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f};

  glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT, ambient);
  glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
  glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, black);

  glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, white);
  glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, white);
  glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, white);
  glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos);

  glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, black);

  glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
  glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);

  // load shader program
  gl_Shader = compileASMShader(GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_ARB, shader_code);

  glutReportErrors();

  return true;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Create VBO
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void createVBO(GLuint *vbo, unsigned int size) {
  // create buffer object
  glGenBuffers(1, vbo);
  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, *vbo);

  // initialize buffer object
  glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, size, 0, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

  glutReportErrors();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Delete VBO
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void deleteVBO(GLuint *vbo, struct cudaGraphicsResource **cuda_resource) {
  glBindBuffer(1, *vbo);
  glDeleteBuffers(1, vbo);
  // DEPRECATED: checkCudaErrors(cudaGLUnregisterBufferObject(*vbo));
  cudaGraphicsUnregisterResource(*cuda_resource);

  *vbo = 0;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Render isosurface geometry from the vertex buffers
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void renderIsosurface() {
  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);
  glVertexPointer(4, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
  glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);

  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normalVbo);
  glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, sizeof(float) * 4, 0);
  glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);

  glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
  glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, totalVerts);
  glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
  glDisableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);

  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Display callback
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void display() {
  sdkStartTimer(&timer);

  // run CUDA kernel to generate geometry
  if (compute) {
    computeIsosurface();
  }

  // Common display code path
  {
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    // set view matrix
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glTranslatef(translate.x, translate.y, translate.z);
    glRotatef(rotate.x, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glRotatef(rotate.y, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);

    glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, wireframe ? GL_LINE : GL_FILL);

    if (lighting) {
      glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
    }

    // render
    if (render) {
      glPushMatrix();
      glRotatef(180.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
      glRotatef(90.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
      renderIsosurface();
      glPopMatrix();
    }

    glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
  }

  glutSwapBuffers();
  glutReportErrors();

  sdkStopTimer(&timer);

  computeFPS();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Keyboard events handler
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int /*x*/, int /*y*/) {
  switch (key) {
    case (27):
      cleanup();
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

    case '=':
      isoValue += 0.01f;
      break;

    case '-':
      isoValue -= 0.01f;
      break;

    case '+':
      isoValue += 0.1f;
      break;

    case '_':
      isoValue -= 0.1f;
      break;

    case 'w':
      wireframe = !wireframe;
      break;

    case ' ':
      animate = !animate;
      break;

    case 'l':
      lighting = !lighting;
      break;

    case 'r':
      render = !render;
      break;

    case 'c':
      compute = !compute;
      break;
  }

  printf("isoValue = %f\n", isoValue);
  printf("voxels = %d\n", activeVoxels);
  printf("verts = %d\n", totalVerts);
  printf("occupancy: %d / %d = %.2f%%\n", activeVoxels, numVoxels,
         activeVoxels * 100.0f / (float)numVoxels);

  if (!compute) {
    computeIsosurface();
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//! Mouse event handlers
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) {
  if (state == GLUT_DOWN) {
    mouse_buttons |= 1 << button;
  } else if (state == GLUT_UP) {
    mouse_buttons = 0;
  }

  mouse_old_x = x;
  mouse_old_y = y;
}

void motion(int x, int y) {
  float dx = (float)(x - mouse_old_x);
  float dy = (float)(y - mouse_old_y);

  if (mouse_buttons == 1) {
    rotate.x += dy * 0.2f;
    rotate.y += dx * 0.2f;
  } else if (mouse_buttons == 2) {
    translate.x += dx * 0.01f;
    translate.y -= dy * 0.01f;
  } else if (mouse_buttons == 3) {
    translate.z += dy * 0.01f;
  }

  mouse_old_x = x;
  mouse_old_y = y;
  glutPostRedisplay();
}

void idle() {
  animation();
  glutPostRedisplay();
}

void reshape(int w, int h) {
  glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
  glLoadIdentity();
  gluPerspective(60.0, (float)w / (float)h, 0.1, 10.0);

  glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
  glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}

void mainMenu(int i) { keyboard((unsigned char)i, 0, 0); }