cuda-samples/Samples/vulkanImageCUDA/vulkanImageCUDA.cu

/* Copyright (c) 2019, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *  * Neither the name of NVIDIA CORPORATION nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 * OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#ifdef _WIN64
#include <aclapi.h>
#include <dxgi1_2.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <VersionHelpers.h>
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#endif

#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#ifdef _WIN64
#include <vulkan/vulkan_win32.h>
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <helper_cuda.h>
#include <helper_image.h>
#include <helper_math.h>

#include "linmath.h"

#define WIDTH 800
#define HEIGHT 600

const int MAX_FRAMES = 4;

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#endif

std::string execution_path;

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
    VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
  } else {
    return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
  }
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_EXTENSION_NAME,
#ifdef _WIN64
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_WIN32_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_WIN32_EXTENSION_NAME,
#else
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,
#endif
};

#ifdef _WIN64
class WindowsSecurityAttributes {
 protected:
  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES m_winSecurityAttributes;
  PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR m_winPSecurityDescriptor;

 public:
  WindowsSecurityAttributes();
  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES* operator&();
  ~WindowsSecurityAttributes();
};

WindowsSecurityAttributes::WindowsSecurityAttributes() {
  m_winPSecurityDescriptor = (PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR)calloc(
      1, SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_MIN_LENGTH + 2 * sizeof(void**));

  PSID* ppSID =
      (PSID*)((PBYTE)m_winPSecurityDescriptor + SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_MIN_LENGTH);
  PACL* ppACL = (PACL*)((PBYTE)ppSID + sizeof(PSID*));

  InitializeSecurityDescriptor(m_winPSecurityDescriptor,
                               SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_REVISION);

  SID_IDENTIFIER_AUTHORITY sidIdentifierAuthority =
      SECURITY_WORLD_SID_AUTHORITY;
  AllocateAndInitializeSid(&sidIdentifierAuthority, 1, SECURITY_WORLD_RID, 0, 0,
                           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ppSID);

  EXPLICIT_ACCESS explicitAccess;
  ZeroMemory(&explicitAccess, sizeof(EXPLICIT_ACCESS));
  explicitAccess.grfAccessPermissions =
      STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL | SPECIFIC_RIGHTS_ALL;
  explicitAccess.grfAccessMode = SET_ACCESS;
  explicitAccess.grfInheritance = INHERIT_ONLY;
  explicitAccess.Trustee.TrusteeForm = TRUSTEE_IS_SID;
  explicitAccess.Trustee.TrusteeType = TRUSTEE_IS_WELL_KNOWN_GROUP;
  explicitAccess.Trustee.ptstrName = (LPTSTR)*ppSID;

  SetEntriesInAcl(1, &explicitAccess, NULL, ppACL);

  SetSecurityDescriptorDacl(m_winPSecurityDescriptor, TRUE, *ppACL, FALSE);

  m_winSecurityAttributes.nLength = sizeof(m_winSecurityAttributes);
  m_winSecurityAttributes.lpSecurityDescriptor = m_winPSecurityDescriptor;
  m_winSecurityAttributes.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
}

SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES* WindowsSecurityAttributes::operator&() {
  return &m_winSecurityAttributes;
}

WindowsSecurityAttributes::~WindowsSecurityAttributes() {
  PSID* ppSID =
      (PSID*)((PBYTE)m_winPSecurityDescriptor + SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_MIN_LENGTH);
  PACL* ppACL = (PACL*)((PBYTE)ppSID + sizeof(PSID*));

  if (*ppSID) {
    FreeSid(*ppSID);
  }
  if (*ppACL) {
    LocalFree(*ppACL);
  }
  free(m_winPSecurityDescriptor);
}
#endif

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
                                   VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger,
                                   const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
  }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
  int graphicsFamily = -1;
  int presentFamily = -1;

  bool isComplete() { return graphicsFamily >= 0 && presentFamily >= 0; }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
  VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
  std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
  std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

typedef float vec2[2];

struct Vertex {
  vec4 pos;
  vec3 color;
  vec2 texCoord;

  static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
    VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
    bindingDescription.binding = 0;
    bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
    bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

    return bindingDescription;
  }

  static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3>
  getAttributeDescriptions() {
    std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions = {};

    attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

    attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
    attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

    attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
    attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

    return attributeDescriptions;
  }
};

struct UniformBufferObject {
  alignas(16) mat4x4 model;
  alignas(16) mat4x4 view;
  alignas(16) mat4x4 proj;
};

const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
    {{-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
    {{-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}}};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0};

// convert floating point rgba color to 32-bit integer
__device__ unsigned int rgbaFloatToInt(float4 rgba) {
  rgba.x = __saturatef(rgba.x);  // clamp to [0.0, 1.0]
  rgba.y = __saturatef(rgba.y);
  rgba.z = __saturatef(rgba.z);
  rgba.w = __saturatef(rgba.w);
  return ((unsigned int)(rgba.w * 255.0f) << 24) |
         ((unsigned int)(rgba.z * 255.0f) << 16) |
         ((unsigned int)(rgba.y * 255.0f) << 8) |
         ((unsigned int)(rgba.x * 255.0f));
}

__device__ float4 rgbaIntToFloat(unsigned int c) {
  float4 rgba;
  rgba.x = (c & 0xff) * 0.003921568627f;          //  /255.0f;
  rgba.y = ((c >> 8) & 0xff) * 0.003921568627f;   //  /255.0f;
  rgba.z = ((c >> 16) & 0xff) * 0.003921568627f;  //  /255.0f;
  rgba.w = ((c >> 24) & 0xff) * 0.003921568627f;  //  /255.0f;
  return rgba;
}

int filter_radius = 14;
int g_nFilterSign = 1;

// This varies the filter radius, so we can see automatic animation
void varySigma() {
  filter_radius += g_nFilterSign;

  if (filter_radius > 64) {
    filter_radius = 64;  // clamp to 64 and then negate sign
    g_nFilterSign = -1;
  } else if (filter_radius < 0) {
    filter_radius = 0;
    g_nFilterSign = 1;
  }
}

// row pass using texture lookups
__global__ void d_boxfilter_rgba_x(cudaSurfaceObject_t* dstSurfMipMapArray,
                                   cudaTextureObject_t textureMipMapInput,
                                   size_t baseWidth, size_t baseHeight,
                                   size_t mipLevels, int filter_radius) {
  float scale = 1.0f / (float)((filter_radius << 1) + 1);
  unsigned int y = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;

  if (y < baseHeight) {
    for (uint32_t mipLevelIdx = 0; mipLevelIdx < mipLevels; mipLevelIdx++) {
      uint32_t width =
          (baseWidth >> mipLevelIdx) ? (baseWidth >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;
      uint32_t height =
          (baseHeight >> mipLevelIdx) ? (baseHeight >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;
      if (y < height && filter_radius < width) {
        float px = 1.0 / width;
        float py = 1.0 / height;
        float4 t = make_float4(0.0f);
        for (int x = -filter_radius; x <= filter_radius; x++) {
          t += tex2DLod<float4>(textureMipMapInput, x * px, y * py,
                                (float)mipLevelIdx);
        }

        unsigned int dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
        surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], 0, y);

        for (int x = 1; x < width; x++) {
          t += tex2DLod<float4>(textureMipMapInput, (x + filter_radius) * px,
                                y * py, (float)mipLevelIdx);
          t -=
              tex2DLod<float4>(textureMipMapInput, (x - filter_radius - 1) * px,
                               y * py, (float)mipLevelIdx);
          unsigned int dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
          surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx],
                      x * sizeof(uchar4), y);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// column pass using coalesced global memory reads
__global__ void d_boxfilter_rgba_y(cudaSurfaceObject_t* dstSurfMipMapArray,
                                   cudaSurfaceObject_t* srcSurfMipMapArray,
                                   size_t baseWidth, size_t baseHeight,
                                   size_t mipLevels, int filter_radius) {
  unsigned int x = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
  float scale = 1.0f / (float)((filter_radius << 1) + 1);

  for (uint32_t mipLevelIdx = 0; mipLevelIdx < mipLevels; mipLevelIdx++) {
    uint32_t width =
        (baseWidth >> mipLevelIdx) ? (baseWidth >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;
    uint32_t height =
        (baseHeight >> mipLevelIdx) ? (baseHeight >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;

    if (x < width && height > filter_radius) {
      float4 t;
      // do left edge
      int colInBytes = x * sizeof(uchar4);
      unsigned int pixFirst = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
          srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, 0);
      t = rgbaIntToFloat(pixFirst) * filter_radius;

      for (int y = 0; (y < (filter_radius + 1)) && (y < height); y++) {
        unsigned int pix = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
            srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y);
        t += rgbaIntToFloat(pix);
      }

      unsigned int dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
      surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, 0);

      for (int y = 1; (y < filter_radius + 1) && ((y + filter_radius) < height);
           y++) {
        unsigned int pix = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
            srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y + filter_radius);
        t += rgbaIntToFloat(pix);
        t -= rgbaIntToFloat(pixFirst);

        dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
        surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y);
      }

      // main loop
      for (int y = (filter_radius + 1); y < (height - filter_radius); y++) {
        unsigned int pix = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
            srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y + filter_radius);
        t += rgbaIntToFloat(pix);

        pix = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx],
                                       colInBytes, y - filter_radius - 1);
        t -= rgbaIntToFloat(pix);

        dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
        surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y);
      }

      // do right edge
      unsigned int pixLast = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
          srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, height - 1);
      for (int y = height - filter_radius;
           (y < height) && ((y - filter_radius - 1) > 1); y++) {
        t += rgbaIntToFloat(pixLast);
        unsigned int pix = surf2Dread<unsigned int>(
            srcSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y - filter_radius - 1);
        t -= rgbaIntToFloat(pix);
        dataB = rgbaFloatToInt(t * scale);
        surf2Dwrite(dataB, dstSurfMipMapArray[mipLevelIdx], colInBytes, y);
      }
    }
  }
}

class vulkanImageCUDA {
 public:
  void loadImageData(const std::string& filename) {
    // load image (needed so we can get the width and height before we create
    // the window
    char* image_path =
        sdkFindFilePath(filename.c_str(), execution_path.c_str());

    if (image_path == 0) {
      printf("Error finding image file '%s'\n", filename.c_str());
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    sdkLoadPPM4(image_path, (unsigned char**)&image_data, &imageWidth,
                &imageHeight);

    if (!image_data) {
      printf("Error opening file '%s'\n", image_path);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Loaded '%s', %d x %d pixels\n", image_path, imageWidth,
           imageHeight);
  }

  void run() {
    initWindow();
    initVulkan();
    initCuda();
    mainLoop();
    cleanup();
  }

 private:
  GLFWwindow* window;

  VkInstance instance;
  VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
  VkSurfaceKHR surface;

  VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
  VkDevice device;
  uint8_t vkDeviceUUID[VK_UUID_SIZE];

  VkQueue graphicsQueue;
  VkQueue presentQueue;

  VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
  std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
  VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
  VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
  std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
  std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

  VkRenderPass renderPass;
  VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
  VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
  VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

  VkCommandPool commandPool;

  VkImage textureImage;
  VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
  VkImageView textureImageView;
  VkSampler textureSampler;

  VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
  VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
  VkBuffer indexBuffer;
  VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;

  std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
  std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;

  VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
  std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

  std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

  std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
  std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
  VkSemaphore cudaUpdateVkSemaphore, vkUpdateCudaSemaphore;
  std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

  size_t currentFrame = 0;

  bool framebufferResized = false;

#ifdef _WIN64
  PFN_vkGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR fpGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR;
  PFN_vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR fpGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR;
#else
  PFN_vkGetMemoryFdKHR fpGetMemoryFdKHR = NULL;
  PFN_vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR fpGetSemaphoreFdKHR = NULL;
#endif

  PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2 fpGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2;

  unsigned int* image_data = NULL;
  unsigned int imageWidth, imageHeight;
  unsigned int mipLevels;
  size_t totalImageMemSize;

  // CUDA objects
  cudaExternalMemory_t cudaExtMemImageBuffer;
  cudaMipmappedArray_t cudaMipmappedImageArray, cudaMipmappedImageArrayTemp,
      cudaMipmappedImageArrayOrig;
  std::vector<cudaSurfaceObject_t> surfaceObjectList, surfaceObjectListTemp;
  cudaSurfaceObject_t *d_surfaceObjectList, *d_surfaceObjectListTemp;
  cudaTextureObject_t textureObjMipMapInput;

  cudaExternalSemaphore_t cudaExtCudaUpdateVkSemaphore;
  cudaExternalSemaphore_t cudaExtVkUpdateCudaSemaphore;
  cudaStream_t streamToRun;

  void initWindow() {
    glfwInit();

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

    window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan Image CUDA Box Filter",
                              nullptr, nullptr);
    glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
  }

  static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width,
                                        int height) {
    auto app =
        reinterpret_cast<vulkanImageCUDA*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
    app->framebufferResized = true;
  }

  void initVulkan() {
    createInstance();
    setupDebugMessenger();
    createSurface();
    pickPhysicalDevice();
    createLogicalDevice();
    getKhrExtensionsFn();
    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createRenderPass();
    createDescriptorSetLayout();
    createGraphicsPipeline();
    createFramebuffers();
    createCommandPool();
    createTextureImage();
    createTextureImageView();
    createTextureSampler();
    createVertexBuffer();
    createIndexBuffer();
    createUniformBuffers();
    createDescriptorPool();
    createDescriptorSets();
    createCommandBuffers();
    createSyncObjects();
    createSyncObjectsExt();
  }

  void initCuda() {
    setCudaVkDevice();
    checkCudaErrors(cudaStreamCreate(&streamToRun));
    cudaVkImportImageMem();
    cudaVkImportSemaphore();
  }

  void mainLoop() {
    updateUniformBuffer();
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
      glfwPollEvents();
      drawFrame();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
  }

  void cleanupSwapChain() {
    for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
      vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
    }

    vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool,
                         static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()),
                         commandBuffers.data());

    vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
    vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

    for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
  }

  void cleanup() {
    cleanupSwapChain();

    vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
    vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);

    for (int i = 0; i < mipLevels; i++) {
      checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroySurfaceObject(surfaceObjectList[i]));
      checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroySurfaceObject(surfaceObjectListTemp[i]));
    }

    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_surfaceObjectList));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFree(d_surfaceObjectListTemp));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFreeMipmappedArray(cudaMipmappedImageArrayTemp));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFreeMipmappedArray(cudaMipmappedImageArrayOrig));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaFreeMipmappedArray(cudaMipmappedImageArray));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroyTextureObject(textureObjMipMapInput));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroyExternalMemory(cudaExtMemImageBuffer));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroyExternalSemaphore(cudaExtCudaUpdateVkSemaphore));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaDestroyExternalSemaphore(cudaExtVkUpdateCudaSemaphore));

    vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES; i++) {
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(window);

    glfwTerminate();
  }

  void recreateSwapChain() {
    int width = 0, height = 0;
    while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
      glfwWaitEvents();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

    cleanupSwapChain();

    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createRenderPass();
    createGraphicsPipeline();
    createFramebuffers();
    createUniformBuffers();
    createDescriptorPool();
    createDescriptorSets();
    createCommandBuffers();
  }

  void createInstance() {
    if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "validation layers requested, but not available!");
    }

    VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
    appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
    appInfo.pApplicationName = "Vulkan Image CUDA Interop";
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

    auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

      populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
      createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

      createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    }

    if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
    }

    fpGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2 =
        (PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
            instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2");
    if (fpGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2 == NULL) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Vulkan: Proc address for \"vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR\" not "
          "found.\n");
    }

#ifdef _WIN64
    fpGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR =
        (PFN_vkGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
            instance, "vkGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR");
    if (fpGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR == NULL) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Vulkan: Proc address for \"vkGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR\" not "
          "found.\n");
    }
#else
    fpGetMemoryFdKHR = (PFN_vkGetMemoryFdKHR)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
        instance, "vkGetMemoryFdKHR");
    if (fpGetMemoryFdKHR == NULL) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Vulkan: Proc address for \"vkGetMemoryFdKHR\" not found.\n");
    } else {
      std::cout << "Vulkan proc address for vkGetMemoryFdKHR - "
                << fpGetMemoryFdKHR << std::endl;
    }
#endif
  }

  void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(
      VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
    createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
    createInfo.messageSeverity =
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
  }

  void setupDebugMessenger() {
    if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
    populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

    if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
                                     &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
    }
  }

  void createSurface() {
    if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
    }
  }

  void pickPhysicalDevice() {
    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

    if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
    }

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

    for (const auto& device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
        physicalDevice = device;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
    }

    std::cout << "Selected physical device = " << physicalDevice << std::endl;

    VkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties vkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties = {};
    vkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_ID_PROPERTIES;
    vkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties.pNext = NULL;

    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 vkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 = {};
    vkPhysicalDeviceProperties2.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
    vkPhysicalDeviceProperties2.pNext = &vkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties;

    fpGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physicalDevice,
                                   &vkPhysicalDeviceProperties2);

    memcpy(vkDeviceUUID, vkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties.deviceUUID,
           sizeof(vkDeviceUUID));
  }

  void getKhrExtensionsFn() {
#ifdef _WIN64

    fpGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR =
        (PFN_vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR)vkGetDeviceProcAddr(
            device, "vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR");
    if (fpGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR == NULL) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Vulkan: Proc address for \"vkGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR\" not "
          "found.\n");
    }
#else
    fpGetSemaphoreFdKHR = (PFN_vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR)vkGetDeviceProcAddr(
        device, "vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR");
    if (fpGetSemaphoreFdKHR == NULL) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Vulkan: Proc address for \"vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR\" not found.\n");
    }
#endif
  }

  int setCudaVkDevice() {
    int current_device = 0;
    int device_count = 0;
    int devices_prohibited = 0;

    cudaDeviceProp deviceProp;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceCount(&device_count));

    if (device_count == 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "CUDA error: no devices supporting CUDA.\n");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // Find the GPU which is selected by Vulkan
    while (current_device < device_count) {
      cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProp, current_device);

      if ((deviceProp.computeMode != cudaComputeModeProhibited)) {
        // Compare the cuda device UUID with vulkan UUID
        int ret = memcmp(&deviceProp.uuid, &vkDeviceUUID, VK_UUID_SIZE);
        if (ret == 0) {
          checkCudaErrors(cudaSetDevice(current_device));
          checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProp, current_device));
          printf("GPU Device %d: \"%s\" with compute capability %d.%d\n\n",
                 current_device, deviceProp.name, deviceProp.major,
                 deviceProp.minor);

          return current_device;
        }

      } else {
        devices_prohibited++;
      }

      current_device++;
    }

    if (devices_prohibited == device_count) {
      fprintf(stderr,
              "CUDA error:"
              " No Vulkan-CUDA Interop capable GPU found.\n");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    return -1;
  }

  void createLogicalDevice() {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
    std::set<int> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily,
                                         indices.presentFamily};

    float queuePriority = 1.0f;
    for (int queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
      queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};

    VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

    createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
    createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = queueCreateInfos.size();

    createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;
    std::vector<const char*> enabledExtensionNameList;

    for (int i = 0; i < deviceExtensions.size(); i++) {
      enabledExtensionNameList.push_back(deviceExtensions[i]);
    }
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }
    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(enabledExtensionNameList.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = enabledExtensionNameList.data();

    if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
    }
    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily, 0, &graphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily, 0, &presentQueue);
  }

  void createSwapChain() {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
        querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat =
        chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode =
        chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
    VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

    uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
    if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
        imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.surface = surface;

    createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
    createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {(uint32_t)indices.graphicsFamily,
                                     (uint32_t)indices.presentFamily};

    if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    } else {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    }

    createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
    createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

    if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
    }

    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
    swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount,
                            swapChainImages.data());

    swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    swapChainExtent = extent;
  }

  void createImageViews() {
    swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      swapChainImageViews[i] =
          createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat);
    }
  }

  void createRenderPass() {
    VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
    colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
    colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
    colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
    colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

    VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
    colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
    colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
    subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
    subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
    subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

    VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
    dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
    dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
    dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
    dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
                               VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

    VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
    renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
    renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

    if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};
    uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
    uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding = {};
    samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType =
        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
    samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

    std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = {
        uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding};
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo = {};
    layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
    layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

    if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr,
                                    &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
    }
  }

  void createGraphicsPipeline() {
    auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shader.vert");
    auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shader.frag");

    VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
    VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
    vertShaderStageInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
    vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
    fragShaderStageInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
    fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo,
                                                      fragShaderStageInfo};

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
    vertexInputInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

    auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
    auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

    vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
    vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
    inputAssembly.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
    inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkViewport viewport = {};
    viewport.x = 0.0f;
    viewport.y = 0.0f;
    viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
    viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
    viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

    VkRect2D scissor = {};
    scissor.offset = {0, 0};
    scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
    viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
    viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
    viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
    viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
    rasterizer.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
    rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
    rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
    rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
    multisampling.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
    colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask =
        VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
        VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
    colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
    colorBlending.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
    colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
    pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr,
                               &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
    }

    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
    pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
    pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
    pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
    pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
    pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
    pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
    pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
    pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
    pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
    pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo,
                                  nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
    }

    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
  }

  void createFramebuffers() {
    swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
      VkImageView attachments[] = {swapChainImageViews[i]};

      VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
      framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
      framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
      framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
      framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
      framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

      if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr,
                              &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
      }
    }
  }

  void createCommandPool() {
    QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily;

    if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
    }
  }

  void createTextureImage() {
    VkDeviceSize imageSize = imageWidth * imageHeight * 4;
    mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                    std::floor(std::log2(std::max(imageWidth, imageHeight)))) +
                1;
    printf("mipLevels = %d\n", mipLevels);

    if (!image_data) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
    }

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, image_data, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    // VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM changed to VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT
    createImage(
        imageWidth, imageHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
        VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
        VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
            VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

    transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);
    copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage,
                      static_cast<uint32_t>(imageWidth),
                      static_cast<uint32_t>(imageHeight));
    transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

    generateMipmaps(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM);
  }

  void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat) {
    VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat,
                                        &formatProperties);

    if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures &
          VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
    }

    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
    barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
    barrier.image = image;
    barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
    barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

    int32_t mipWidth = imageWidth;
    int32_t mipHeight = imageHeight;

    for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
      barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
      barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

      vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0,
                           nullptr, 1, &barrier);

      VkImageBlit blit = {};
      blit.srcOffsets[0] = {0, 0, 0};
      blit.srcOffsets[1] = {mipWidth, mipHeight, 1};
      blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
      blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
      blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
      blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
      blit.dstOffsets[0] = {0, 0, 0};
      blit.dstOffsets[1] = {mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1,
                            mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1};
      blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
      blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
      blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
      blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;

      vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                     image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &blit,
                     VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

      barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

      vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr,
                           0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

      if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
      if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;
    }

    barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
    barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
    barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
    barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr,
                         0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

#ifdef _WIN64  // For windows
  HANDLE getVkImageMemHandle(
      VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagsKHR externalMemoryHandleType) {
    HANDLE handle;

    VkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR = {};
    vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_GET_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHR;
    vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
    vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.memory = textureImageMemory;
    vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.handleType =
        (VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBitsKHR)externalMemoryHandleType;

    fpGetMemoryWin32HandleKHR(device, &vkMemoryGetWin32HandleInfoKHR, &handle);
    return handle;
  }
  HANDLE getVkSemaphoreHandle(
      VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHR externalSemaphoreHandleType,
      VkSemaphore& semVkCuda) {
    HANDLE handle;

    VkSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR = {};
    vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_GET_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHR;
    vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
    vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.semaphore = semVkCuda;
    vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR.handleType =
        externalSemaphoreHandleType;

    fpGetSemaphoreWin32HandleKHR(device, &vulkanSemaphoreGetWin32HandleInfoKHR,
                                 &handle);

    return handle;
  }
#else
  int getVkImageMemHandle(
      VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagsKHR externalMemoryHandleType) {
    if (externalMemoryHandleType ==
        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR) {
      int fd;

      VkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR = {};
      vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_GET_FD_INFO_KHR;
      vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
      vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR.memory = textureImageMemory;
      vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR.handleType =
          VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;

      fpGetMemoryFdKHR(device, &vkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR, &fd);

      return fd;
    }
    return -1;
  }

  int getVkSemaphoreHandle(
      VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBitsKHR externalSemaphoreHandleType,
      VkSemaphore& semVkCuda) {
    if (externalSemaphoreHandleType ==
        VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT) {
      int fd;

      VkSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR = {};
      vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR.sType =
          VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_GET_FD_INFO_KHR;
      vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
      vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR.semaphore = semVkCuda;
      vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR.handleType =
          VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;

      fpGetSemaphoreFdKHR(device, &vulkanSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR, &fd);

      return fd;
    }
    return -1;
  }
#endif

  void createTextureImageView() {
    textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM);
  }

  void createTextureSampler() {
    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
    samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
    samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;
    samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
    samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
    samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.minLod = 0;  // Optional
    samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels);
    samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0;  // Optional

    if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
    }
  }

  VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format) {
    VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
    viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
    viewInfo.image = image;
    viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
    viewInfo.format = format;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

    VkImageView imageView;
    if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
    }

    return imageView;
  }

  void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format,
                   VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage,
                   VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image,
                   VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
    imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.extent.width = width;
    imageInfo.extent.height = height;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.format = format;
    imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    imageInfo.usage = usage;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo vkExternalMemImageCreateInfo = {};
    vkExternalMemImageCreateInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    vkExternalMemImageCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
    vkExternalMemImageCreateInfo.handleTypes =
        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;

    imageInfo.pNext = &vkExternalMemImageCreateInfo;

    if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

#ifdef _WIN64
    WindowsSecurityAttributes winSecurityAttributes;

    VkExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR = {};
    vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_MEMORY_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHR;
    vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
    vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR.pAttributes = &winSecurityAttributes;
    vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR.dwAccess =
        DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_READ | DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_WRITE;
    vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR.name = (LPCWSTR)NULL;
#endif
    VkExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR = {};
    vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO_KHR;
#ifdef _WIN64
    vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR.pNext =
        IsWindows8OrGreater() ? &vulkanExportMemoryWin32HandleInfoKHR : NULL;
    vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR.handleTypes =
        IsWindows8OrGreater()
            ? VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
            : VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT;
#else
    vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
    vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR.handleTypes =
        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;
#endif

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.pNext = &vulkanExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
        findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    VkMemoryRequirements vkMemoryRequirements = {};
    vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &vkMemoryRequirements);
    totalImageMemSize = vkMemoryRequirements.size;

    if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &textureImageMemory) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
    }

    vkBindImageMemory(device, image, textureImageMemory, 0);
  }

  void cudaVkImportSemaphore() {
    cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleDesc externalSemaphoreHandleDesc;
    memset(&externalSemaphoreHandleDesc, 0,
           sizeof(externalSemaphoreHandleDesc));
#ifdef _WIN64
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.type =
        IsWindows8OrGreater() ? cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueWin32
                              : cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueWin32Kmt;
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.handle.win32.handle = getVkSemaphoreHandle(
        IsWindows8OrGreater()
            ? VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
            : VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT,
        cudaUpdateVkSemaphore);
#else
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.type = cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueFd;
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.handle.fd = getVkSemaphoreHandle(
        VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT, cudaUpdateVkSemaphore);
#endif
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.flags = 0;

    checkCudaErrors(cudaImportExternalSemaphore(&cudaExtCudaUpdateVkSemaphore,
                                                &externalSemaphoreHandleDesc));

    memset(&externalSemaphoreHandleDesc, 0,
           sizeof(externalSemaphoreHandleDesc));
#ifdef _WIN64
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.type =
        IsWindows8OrGreater() ? cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueWin32
                              : cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueWin32Kmt;
    ;
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.handle.win32.handle = getVkSemaphoreHandle(
        IsWindows8OrGreater()
            ? VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
            : VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT,
        vkUpdateCudaSemaphore);
#else
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.type = cudaExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeOpaqueFd;
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.handle.fd = getVkSemaphoreHandle(
        VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT, vkUpdateCudaSemaphore);
#endif
    externalSemaphoreHandleDesc.flags = 0;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaImportExternalSemaphore(&cudaExtVkUpdateCudaSemaphore,
                                                &externalSemaphoreHandleDesc));
    printf("CUDA Imported Vulkan semaphore\n");
  }

  void cudaVkImportImageMem() {
    cudaExternalMemoryHandleDesc cudaExtMemHandleDesc;
    memset(&cudaExtMemHandleDesc, 0, sizeof(cudaExtMemHandleDesc));
#ifdef _WIN64
    cudaExtMemHandleDesc.type =
        IsWindows8OrGreater() ? cudaExternalMemoryHandleTypeOpaqueWin32
                              : cudaExternalMemoryHandleTypeOpaqueWin32Kmt;
    cudaExtMemHandleDesc.handle.win32.handle = getVkImageMemHandle(
        IsWindows8OrGreater()
            ? VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
            : VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT);
#else
    cudaExtMemHandleDesc.type = cudaExternalMemoryHandleTypeOpaqueFd;

    cudaExtMemHandleDesc.handle.fd =
        getVkImageMemHandle(VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR);
#endif
    cudaExtMemHandleDesc.size = totalImageMemSize;

    checkCudaErrors(cudaImportExternalMemory(&cudaExtMemImageBuffer,
                                             &cudaExtMemHandleDesc));

    cudaExternalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc;

    memset(&externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc, 0,
           sizeof(externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc));

    cudaExtent extent = make_cudaExtent(imageWidth, imageHeight, 0);
    cudaChannelFormatDesc formatDesc;
    formatDesc.x = 8;
    formatDesc.y = 8;
    formatDesc.z = 8;
    formatDesc.w = 8;
    formatDesc.f = cudaChannelFormatKindUnsigned;

    externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc.offset = 0;
    externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc.formatDesc = formatDesc;
    externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc.extent = extent;
    externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc.flags = 0;
    externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc.numLevels = mipLevels;

    checkCudaErrors(cudaExternalMemoryGetMappedMipmappedArray(
        &cudaMipmappedImageArray, cudaExtMemImageBuffer,
        &externalMemoryMipmappedArrayDesc));

    checkCudaErrors(cudaMallocMipmappedArray(&cudaMipmappedImageArrayTemp,
                                             &formatDesc, extent, mipLevels));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMallocMipmappedArray(&cudaMipmappedImageArrayOrig,
                                             &formatDesc, extent, mipLevels));

    for (int mipLevelIdx = 0; mipLevelIdx < mipLevels; mipLevelIdx++) {
      cudaArray_t cudaMipLevelArray, cudaMipLevelArrayTemp,
          cudaMipLevelArrayOrig;
      cudaResourceDesc resourceDesc;

      checkCudaErrors(cudaGetMipmappedArrayLevel(
          &cudaMipLevelArray, cudaMipmappedImageArray, mipLevelIdx));
      checkCudaErrors(cudaGetMipmappedArrayLevel(
          &cudaMipLevelArrayTemp, cudaMipmappedImageArrayTemp, mipLevelIdx));
      checkCudaErrors(cudaGetMipmappedArrayLevel(
          &cudaMipLevelArrayOrig, cudaMipmappedImageArrayOrig, mipLevelIdx));

      uint32_t width =
          (imageWidth >> mipLevelIdx) ? (imageWidth >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;
      uint32_t height =
          (imageHeight >> mipLevelIdx) ? (imageHeight >> mipLevelIdx) : 1;
      checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy2DArrayToArray(
          cudaMipLevelArrayOrig, 0, 0, cudaMipLevelArray, 0, 0,
          width * sizeof(uchar4), height, cudaMemcpyDeviceToDevice));

      memset(&resourceDesc, 0, sizeof(resourceDesc));
      resourceDesc.resType = cudaResourceTypeArray;
      resourceDesc.res.array.array = cudaMipLevelArray;

      cudaSurfaceObject_t surfaceObject;
      checkCudaErrors(cudaCreateSurfaceObject(&surfaceObject, &resourceDesc));

      surfaceObjectList.push_back(surfaceObject);

      memset(&resourceDesc, 0, sizeof(resourceDesc));
      resourceDesc.resType = cudaResourceTypeArray;
      resourceDesc.res.array.array = cudaMipLevelArrayTemp;

      cudaSurfaceObject_t surfaceObjectTemp;
      checkCudaErrors(
          cudaCreateSurfaceObject(&surfaceObjectTemp, &resourceDesc));
      surfaceObjectListTemp.push_back(surfaceObjectTemp);
    }

    cudaResourceDesc resDescr;
    memset(&resDescr, 0, sizeof(cudaResourceDesc));

    resDescr.resType = cudaResourceTypeMipmappedArray;
    resDescr.res.mipmap.mipmap = cudaMipmappedImageArrayOrig;

    cudaTextureDesc texDescr;
    memset(&texDescr, 0, sizeof(cudaTextureDesc));

    texDescr.normalizedCoords = true;
    texDescr.filterMode = cudaFilterModeLinear;
    texDescr.mipmapFilterMode = cudaFilterModeLinear;

    texDescr.addressMode[0] = cudaAddressModeWrap;
    texDescr.addressMode[1] = cudaAddressModeWrap;

    texDescr.maxMipmapLevelClamp = float(mipLevels - 1);

    texDescr.readMode = cudaReadModeNormalizedFloat;

    checkCudaErrors(cudaCreateTextureObject(&textureObjMipMapInput, &resDescr,
                                            &texDescr, NULL));

    checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void**)&d_surfaceObjectList,
                               sizeof(cudaSurfaceObject_t) * mipLevels));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void**)&d_surfaceObjectListTemp,
                               sizeof(cudaSurfaceObject_t) * mipLevels));

    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(d_surfaceObjectList, surfaceObjectList.data(),
                               sizeof(cudaSurfaceObject_t) * mipLevels,
                               cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpy(
        d_surfaceObjectListTemp, surfaceObjectListTemp.data(),
        sizeof(cudaSurfaceObject_t) * mipLevels, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

    printf("CUDA Kernel Vulkan image buffer\n");
  }

  void cudaUpdateVkImage() {
    cudaVkSemaphoreWait(cudaExtVkUpdateCudaSemaphore);

    int nthreads = 128;

    /*Perform 2D box filter on image using CUDA */
    d_boxfilter_rgba_x<<<imageHeight / nthreads, nthreads, 0, streamToRun>>>(
        d_surfaceObjectListTemp, textureObjMipMapInput, imageWidth, imageHeight,
        mipLevels, filter_radius);

    d_boxfilter_rgba_y<<<imageWidth / nthreads, nthreads, 0, streamToRun>>>(
        d_surfaceObjectList, d_surfaceObjectListTemp, imageWidth, imageHeight,
        mipLevels, filter_radius);

    varySigma();

    cudaVkSemaphoreSignal(cudaExtCudaUpdateVkSemaphore);
  }

  void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format,
                             VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
    barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
    barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
    barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
    barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.image = image;
    barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
    barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

    VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
    VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

    if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED &&
        newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL &&
               newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
    } else {
      throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
    }

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, sourceStage, destinationStage, 0, 0,
                         nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width,
                         uint32_t height) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
    region.bufferOffset = 0;
    region.bufferRowLength = 0;
    region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
    region.imageOffset = {0, 0, 0};
    region.imageExtent = {width, height, 1};

    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image,
                           VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  void createVertexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(
        bufferSize,
        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
  }

  void createIndexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(
        bufferSize,
        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
  }

  void createUniformBuffers() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

    uniformBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
    uniformBuffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
                   VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                       VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                   uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorPool() {
    std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes = {};
    poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    poolSizes[0].descriptorCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
    poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    poolSizes[1].descriptorCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
    poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
    poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

    if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorSets() {
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(swapChainImages.size(),
                                               descriptorSetLayout);
    VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
    allocInfo.descriptorSetCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
    allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

    descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
    if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo = {};
      bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
      bufferInfo.offset = 0;
      bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

      VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo = {};
      imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
      imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
      imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

      std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites = {};

      descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
      descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
      descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
      descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
      descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
      descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
      descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

      descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
      descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
      descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
      descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
      descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType =
          VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
      descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
      descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;

      vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device,
                             static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()),
                             descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);
    }
  }

  void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
                    VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer,
                    VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
    bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    bufferInfo.size = size;
    bufferInfo.usage = usage;
    bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
        findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
    }

    vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
  }

  VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

    vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

    return commandBuffer;
  }

  void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
    vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

    vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

    vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
  }

  void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferCopy copyRegion = {};
    copyRegion.size = size;
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter,
                          VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
      if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) &&
          (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) ==
              properties) {
        return i;
      }
    }

    throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
  }

  void createCommandBuffers() {
    commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
      VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
      beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
      beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;

      if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
      }

      VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
      renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
      renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

      VkClearValue clearColor = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
      renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
      renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

      vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo,
                           VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

      vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
                        graphicsPipeline);

      VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = {vertexBuffer};
      VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
      vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

      vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffers[i], indexBuffer, 0,
                           VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);

      vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i],
                              VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout,
                              0, 1, &descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);

      vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()),
                       1, 0, 0, 0);
      // vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size()), 1,
      // 0, 0);

      vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

      if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
      }
    }
  }

  void createSyncObjects() {
    imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES);
    renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES);
    inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES);

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
    fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES; i++) {
      if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                            &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
          vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                            &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || 
          vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) !=
              VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            "failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
      }
    }
  }

  void createSyncObjectsExt() {
    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

    memset(&semaphoreInfo, 0, sizeof(semaphoreInfo));
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

#ifdef _WIN64
    WindowsSecurityAttributes winSecurityAttributes;

    VkExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR
        vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR = {};
    vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_WIN32_HANDLE_INFO_KHR;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR.pNext = NULL;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR.pAttributes =
        &winSecurityAttributes;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR.dwAccess =
        DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_READ | DXGI_SHARED_RESOURCE_WRITE;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR.name = (LPCWSTR)NULL;
#endif
    VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfoKHR vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo = {};
    vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
#ifdef _WIN64
    vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo.pNext =
        IsWindows8OrGreater() ? &vulkanExportSemaphoreWin32HandleInfoKHR : NULL;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo.handleTypes =
        IsWindows8OrGreater()
            ? VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
            : VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT;
#else
    vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
    vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo.handleTypes =
        VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT;
#endif
    semaphoreInfo.pNext = &vulkanExportSemaphoreCreateInfo;

    if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                          &cudaUpdateVkSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
        vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                          &vkUpdateCudaSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "failed to create synchronization objects for a CUDA-Vulkan!");
    }

  }

  void updateUniformBuffer() {
    UniformBufferObject ubo = {};

    mat4x4_identity(ubo.model);
    mat4x4 Model;
    mat4x4_dup(Model, ubo.model);
    mat4x4_rotate(ubo.model, Model, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, degreesToRadians(135.0f));

    vec3 eye = {2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f};
    vec3 center = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
    vec3 up = {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
    mat4x4_look_at(ubo.view, eye, center, up);

    mat4x4_perspective(ubo.proj, degreesToRadians(45.0f),
                       swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height,
                       0.1f, 10.0f);
    ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      void* data;
      vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
      memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
      vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
    }
  }

  void drawFrame() {
    static int startSubmit = 0;

    vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE,
                    std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());

    uint32_t imageIndex;
    VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
        device, swapChain, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
        imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
      recreateSwapChain();
      return;
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
    }

    vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

    if (!startSubmit) {
      submitVulkan(imageIndex);
      startSubmit = 1;
    } else {
      submitVulkanCuda(imageIndex);
    }

    VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
    presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};

    presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
    presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
    presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
    presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;  // Optional

    result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR ||
        framebufferResized) {
      framebufferResized = false;
      recreateSwapChain();
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
    }

    cudaUpdateVkImage();

    currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES;
    // Added sleep of 10 millisecs so that CPU does not submit too much work to
    // GPU
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(10000));
    char title[256];
    sprintf(title, "Vulkan Image CUDA Box Filter (radius=%d)", filter_radius);
    glfwSetWindowTitle(window, title);
  }

  void cudaVkSemaphoreSignal(cudaExternalSemaphore_t& extSemaphore) {
    cudaExternalSemaphoreSignalParams extSemaphoreSignalParams;
    memset(&extSemaphoreSignalParams, 0, sizeof(extSemaphoreSignalParams));

    extSemaphoreSignalParams.params.fence.value = 0;
    extSemaphoreSignalParams.flags = 0;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaSignalExternalSemaphoresAsync(
        &extSemaphore, &extSemaphoreSignalParams, 1, streamToRun));
  }

  void cudaVkSemaphoreWait(cudaExternalSemaphore_t& extSemaphore) {
    cudaExternalSemaphoreWaitParams extSemaphoreWaitParams;

    memset(&extSemaphoreWaitParams, 0, sizeof(extSemaphoreWaitParams));

    extSemaphoreWaitParams.params.fence.value = 0;
    extSemaphoreWaitParams.flags = 0;

    checkCudaErrors(cudaWaitExternalSemaphoresAsync(
        &extSemaphore, &extSemaphoreWaitParams, 1, streamToRun));
  }

  void submitVulkan(uint32_t imageIndex) {
    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
    VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame],
                                      vkUpdateCudaSemaphore};

    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 2;
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
    }
  }

  void submitVulkanCuda(uint32_t imageIndex) {
    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame],
                                    cudaUpdateVkSemaphore};
    VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT};
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 2;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame],
                                      vkUpdateCudaSemaphore};

    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 2;
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
    }
  }

  VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
    createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
    if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
    }

    return shaderModule;
  }

  VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
      const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
    if (availableFormats.size() == 1 &&
        availableFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
      return {VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR};
    }

    for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
      if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM &&
          availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
        return availableFormat;
      }
    }

    return availableFormats[0];
  }

  VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(
      const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
    VkPresentModeKHR bestMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;

    for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
      if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
        return availablePresentMode;
      } else if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR) {
        bestMode = availablePresentMode;
      }
    }

    return bestMode;
  }

  VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
    if (capabilities.currentExtent.width !=
        std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
      return capabilities.currentExtent;
    } else {
      int width, height;
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

      VkExtent2D actualExtent = {static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(height)};

      actualExtent.width = std::max(
          capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
          std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
      actualExtent.height = std::max(
          capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
          std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

      return actualExtent;
    }
  }

  SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails details;

    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &details.capabilities);

    uint32_t formatCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                         nullptr);

    if (formatCount != 0) {
      details.formats.resize(formatCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                           details.formats.data());
    }

    uint32_t presentModeCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &presentModeCount, nullptr);

    if (presentModeCount != 0) {
      details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
          device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
    }

    return details;
  }

  bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

    bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

    bool swapChainAdequate = false;
    if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() &&
                          !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);

    return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate &&
           supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
  }

  bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    uint32_t extensionCount;
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         nullptr);

    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         availableExtensions.data());

    std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(),
                                             deviceExtensions.end());

    for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
      requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
    }

    return requiredExtensions.empty();
  }

  QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices;

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             nullptr);

    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             queueFamilies.data());

    int i = 0;
    for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
      if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 &&
          queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
        indices.graphicsFamily = i;
      }

      VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

      if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 && presentSupport) {
        indices.presentFamily = i;
      }

      if (indices.isComplete()) {
        break;
      }

      i++;
    }

    return indices;
  }

  std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
    uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
    const char** glfwExtensions;
    glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

    std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions,
                                        glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
    }

    return extensions;
  }

  bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
    uint32_t layerCount;
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

    for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
      bool layerFound = false;

      for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
        if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
          layerFound = true;
          break;
        }
      }

      if (!layerFound) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
    char* file_path = sdkFindFilePath(filename.c_str(), execution_path.c_str());
    std::ifstream file(file_path, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

    if (!file.is_open()) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
    }

    size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
    std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

    file.seekg(0);
    file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

    file.close();

    return buffer;
  }

  static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
  debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
                VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
                const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
                void* pUserData) {
    std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

    return VK_FALSE;
  }
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  execution_path = argv[0];
  std::string image_filename = "lenaRGB.ppm";

  if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char**)argv, "file")) {
    getCmdLineArgumentString(argc, (const char**)argv, "file",
                             (char**)&image_filename);
  }

  vulkanImageCUDA app;

  try {
    // This app only works on ppm images
    app.loadImageData(image_filename);
    app.run();
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}